Associations Between Pain Perceptions and Movement-evoked Pain.

Movement-evoked pain

Pain that is experienced in response to a physical task. Participants will perform a lifting task. Participants will be asked to lift a series of 19-canisters that will be arranged in a standardized pattern on a waist-high table. Participants will provide a pain rating on a 11 points Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) with the endpoints no pain" (0) and "excruciating pain" (10)

Time frame: Assessed only once at baseline.

Illness perceptions

The illness perception questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R) will be used to measure patients' illness perceptions. In the first domain, called illness identity, the perceived symptoms and their possible relation to the illness are evaluated. In this study, participants will indicate whether or not they believe that a specific symptom is related to pain ("yes" or "no"). The second domain, the beliefs domain, covers 7 dimensions: the acute/chronic timeline, the cyclical character of the illness, the consequences, controllability, curability, emotional representations and illness coherence. The third domain lists 18 possible causes to which individuals attribute their condition, the degree to which individuals perceive themselves as responsible for the illness, as well as the responsibility individuals take for curing themselves. For each item in the second and third domain, patients rate their level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree"

Time frame: Assessed only once at baseline

Pain catastrophizing

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a questionnaire to objectify catastrophic thinking about pain. It consists of 13 items describing different thoughts and feelings that individuals may have when experiencing pain. Items are scored on a 5-point scale. A general score and scores on 3 subscales (i.e., helplessness (6 items), magnification (3 items), and rumination (4items)) will be obtained; higher scores indicate more severe catastrophic thoughts about pain

Time frame: Assessed only once at baseline

Attention to pain

The Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) will be used to investigate patients' attention to pain. It is a 16-item measure of attention to pain that assesses awareness, consciousness, vigilance, and observation of pain. Scores range from 0 to 80 and high scores correspond to hypervigilance for pain.