tAN to Mitigate Withdrawal Behaviors in Neonates

Inclusion Criteria: * Neonates or infants with opioid withdrawal or Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) who have withdrawal scores requiring morphine replacement therapy. They must be clinically stable, on minimal respiratory support (Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal cannula, or room air), \>33 weeks gestational age at enrollment, and currently receiving replacement therapy for opioid dependence. * Stable neonates who are dependent on opioids, such as after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, severe illness or brain injury, will be included in this study, as these neonates represent a population in which tAN could minimize withdrawal while not adding to burden of pharmacotherapies. Congenital syndromes may be included if the infants do not have major, unrepaired anomalies. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Unstable infants or those requiring significant respiratory support. 2. Repeated episodes of autonomic instability (apnea or bradycardia) which are not self-resolving \* 3. Infants \<33weeks gestation at enrollment. 4. Major unrepaired congenital anomalies 5. Cardiomyopathy \*Preterm infants commonly have short periods of shallow or absent breathing or lower heart rate termed apnea and bradycardia, respectively, and most are being treated for these physiologic manifestations of prematurity with caffeine, an effective central stimulant. Infants are on cardiorespiratory monitors through the nursery stay with recording devices to capture events and play them back. However, nearly all of these events are self resolving, meaning the infant resolves the breathing pause or bradycardia on their own. Infants who require repeated episodes of stimulation to come out of these events are defined as unstable. Similarly, infants on significant respiratory support are not stable, and will not be eligible.