The aim of the study is to determine the physiological evidence of how muscular and cerebral oxygenation changes link to fatigue, physical, and cognitive performance after moderate-intensity exercise in sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes.
This is an experimental design. One intervention group will do exercise for 2 months and be measured twice, at baseline, and after 2 months. The other 2 control groups will be assessed just once without exercise intervention. Our primary objective is to clarify physiological evidence of how muscular and cerebral oxygenation changes in sedentary older adults with diabetes after low-to-moderate intensity exercise. The secondary objective is to determine fatigue, physical, cognitive performance changes, blood glucose level among sedentary older adults with diabetes after low-to-moderate intensity exercise.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
81
The 2-month exercise will be conducted at the participants' homes. Participants will be recommended to perform the combined exercise, which consists of the resistance exercise and walking at a faster speed than leisure walking at a moderate-intensity, for 6 days/week. They can decide which day they won't perform the exercise. Participants will be encouraged to do progressive resistance exercise and walking twice a day, once in the morning and the other time in the afternoon. Resistance exercise will be suggested to perform every other day for three days/week and walking as the aerobic exercise will be on alternate days for three days/week.
University at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York, United States
normalized ∆SmO2 rate
a parameter of muscular oxygenation to indicate the match or mismatch between oxygen supply and oxygen demand during the physical stimulus.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
recovery time
a parameter of muscular oxygenation, time taken in seconds after the exercise to back to the beginning oxygenation level.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Resting SmO2
a parameter of muscular oxygenation, the average oxygenation level in % while sitting still for 3 minutes before doing physical performance tests.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Oxyhemoglobin differences
a parameter of cerebral oxygenation, the difference of the oxyhemoglobin in mL per gram before and after the cognitive tests.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Fatigue
Fatigue will be assessed by the Numeric Fatigue Scale (NFS) by selecting a number from 0 to 10. 0 is no fatigued at all, 10 is extremely fatigued.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Timed Up and Go test score in seconds
An assessment of physical performance. Time in seconds from sitting up from a chair, walking to 3 meters, turning, walking back to sitting down on a chair.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Short Physical Performance Battery
An assessment of physical performance. This test contains three sections: balance, walking speed and chair stand. The scores are 0-12.
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Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Bilateral Heel Raise test
An assessment of physical performance. This test askes to do heel raise to the maximum height continuously. Time to fatigued in seconds and the frequencies of heel raise are recorded.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
6 Minute Walking Test
An assessment of physical performance. The test assesses time in seconds when participants walk as fast as they can in 6 minutes.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Mini-cog test
An assessment of cognitive performance. A Short term memory test.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
Trail Making Test
An assessment of cognitive performance. A executive function test.
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months
blood glucose level in mg/dL
Blood glucose level before and after exercise
Time frame: measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months