The Impact of ERAS Program in Cardiac Surgery on Patient Prognosis

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 and 80 years. * Undergoing elective surgery. * Scheduled for cardiac valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. * Body mass index (BMI) between 16.5 and 31 kg/m². * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of II or III. Exclusion Criteria: * Refusal to participate, refusal to sign the informed consent form, or inability to communicate. * Participation in other clinical trials concurrently. * Combined coronary artery bypass grafting or ascending aorta surgery. * Emergency surgery. * Active infective endocarditis. * Previous history of cardiac surgery. * Preoperative presence of neurocognitive disorders (NCD), depression, or other psychiatric conditions. * Known abuse of alcohol, drugs, or anesthetics. * Pregnant or breastfeeding women. * Presence of other serious comorbidities that may impede enrollment or affect survival, such as malignancies or severe disabilities. Termination of Intervention Intervention will be terminated for the following reasons: * Withdrawal of consent and request to exit the trial during the study period. * Significant changes in surgical approach: including the addition of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, etc. * Medical necessity for termination of intervention, as determined by the investigator, for example: use of cardiopulmonary bypass more than twice during surgery; unexpected difficulties in weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass or extubation; continued treatment may pose a risk to the patient.