Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (cTBS) and Postoperative Delirium

Participants were included if they: 1. were 65 years old or older; 2. had orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia; 3. had normal cognitive function at enrolment \[for illiterate, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 17; for individuals with 1-6 years of education, MMSE ≥ 20; for individuals with 7 or more years of education, MMSE ≥ 24\]; 4. were able to complete cognitive assessments and the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM); 5. Chinese Mandarin as their native language; 6. were willing to participate and being competent to provide informed consent. Patients were excluded if they: 1. had delirium assessed by CAM before surgery; 2. had neurological diseases (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, etc.) according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision (ICD-11); 3. had mental disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, dementia, etc.) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5); 4. had contraindications of cTBS (e.g., head trauma, history of epilepsy or metal implants in the head); 5. participating in other clinical studies at the time of screening; 6. having postoperative complications such as pulmonary infection, pulmonary embolism and stroke.