Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized with both clinical motor and non-motor features, as well as decrease in balance performance and walking endurance. The non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance and fatigue wound impose negative impacts on the quality of life of the individuals with PD. Aerobic endurance training can improve physical capacity and reduce those non-motor symptoms such as mood and sleep disorders. Based on the results of our recent pilot study, brisk walking is a safe and moderate-level aerobic walking exercise for improving walking capacity in the PD population up to 6 week after treatment ended. Community-based balance training could also enhance balance performance and dual-task gait performance up to 12-month follow-up for people with PD. The primary purpose of this proposed study is to investigate the short- and long-term effects of a 6-month balance and brisk walking programme in alleviating non-motor and motor symptoms in people with PD. The secondary objective is to examine the short- and long-term effects of a 6-month balance and brisk walking program on enhancing walking capacity, balance performance, and quality of life.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
100
6-months of combined balance and brisk walking training
6-months of flexibility and strengthening exercise
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong, Nothing Selected, Hong Kong
Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS-III) score
This score consists of 18 items in 33 questions examining the motor and functional capacity of people with Parkinson's disease by the assessor. Each question will be rated from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). The MDS-UPDRS-III score ranges from 0 to 132, with higher scores indicating more severe motor and functional impairments
Time frame: 1 year
Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part I (MDS-UPDRS-I) score
This score assesses the non-motor aspects of experiences of daily living in people with Parkinson's disease with a total of 13 questions. The score will be administered by assessor asking participants about their behaviors and non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, hallucination, depressive and anxious mood, sleep, pain, urinary and constipation problems, and fatigue etc. Each question will be rated from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). The MDS-UPDRS-I score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating more severe non-motor impairment.
Time frame: 1 year
Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (mini-Best) total score
To evaluate dynamic balance in four domains: anticipatory postural adjustments, postural reactions, sensory integration and gait stability. The mini-BEST total score ranges from 0 to 28, with a higher score indicates better dynamic balance.
Time frame: 1-year
Six-minute walking test (6MWT) distance
The maximum walking distance covered during a validated six-minute walk test (6MWT) to document participants' aerobic endurance level and walking capacity
Time frame: 1 year
Single-task timed-up-and-go (TUG) time
The single-task gait performance measured by the time taken to complete 3-meter timed-up-and-go (TUG) test
Time frame: 1 year
Dual-task timed-up-and-go (DTUG) time
The dual-task gait performance measured by the time taken to complete 3-meter timed-up-and-go test with serial subtraction
Time frame: 1 year
Five-times-sit-to-stand (FTSTS) time
The composite lower limb strength measured by the time taken to complete 5 repetitions of sitting to standing
Time frame: 1 year
Non-Motor Symptoms Scale for Parkinson's Disease (NMSS) total score
The Non-Motor Symptoms Scale is a 30-item rater-based scale to assess a wide range of non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The NMSS measures the severity and frequency of non-motor symptoms across nine dimensions. The NMSS total score ranges form 0 to 360, with a higher score indicates worse PD non-motor symptoms.
Time frame: 1 year
Gait cycle measures by 2-minute Instrument Walk Test using mobile sensors in both comfortable and fast walking speed
Spatial, gait phase, spatiotemporal and asymmetric walking variables such as gait speed, cadence, stride length, arm swing angle and velocity, and trunk movement angle and velocity will be measured by Mobility Lab system.
Time frame: 1 year
Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale score
The ABC score will be used to measure the participants' perceived level of balance confidence in 16 indoor and outdoor activities. Each activity is rated from 0-100 (0 indicates no confidence and 100 indicates full confidence, total score=1600). The total score is converted into percentage score ranging from 0 to 100%, with a higher ABC score indicating a higher level of balance confidence.
Time frame: 1 year
Parkinson Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) summary index score
It is a health-related quality-of-life outcome measure that contains 39 self-reported items on eight domains, i.e.: mobility \[#1-10\], activities of daily living \[#11-16\], emotional well-being \[#17-22\], stigma \[#23-26\], social support \[#27-29\], cognition \[#30-33\], communication \[#34-36\], and body discomfort \[#37-39\]. The PDQ-39 has been translated into Chinese and validated for local use. Each item is scored on 5-point Likert-type scales ranging from 0 (never), 1 (occasionally), 2 (sometimes), and 3 (often) to 4 (always) based on their perception on the item over the past month. The PDQ-39 total score is 156 and the PDQ-39 summary index is created by summing all eight of the PDQ-39 domains and standardizing the score on a scale of 0-100%. A lower PDQ-39 summary index score reflects a better health-related quality-of-life.
Time frame: 1 year
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is an effective instrument used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in adults. It differentiates "poor" from "good" sleep quality by measuring seven areas (components): subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction over the last month. A total score of "5" or greater is indicative of poor sleep quality.
Time frame: 1 year
Fall risk
The risk of falling of each group will be determined by the ratio of non-fallers to fallers at treatment completion and 6-month follow-up. A lower risk ratio indicates a lower risk of falling.
Time frame: 1 year
Fall rate
The fall rate (times of fall per year per person) of each group at treatment completion and 6-month follow-up will be calculated with the following formula: Number of fall events X12 / (Number of months spent to assemble fall data X number of subjects) A lower fall rate indicates a better effect on fall reduction.
Time frame: 1 year
Injurious fall risk
The risk of injurious falling of each group at treatment completion and 6-month follow-up will be determined by the ratio of injurious non-fallers to injurious fallers. A lower injurious risk ratio indicates a lower risk of injurious falling.
Time frame: 1 year
Injurious fall rate
The injurious fall rate (times of injurious fall per year per person) of each group at treatment completion and 6-month follow-up will be calculated with the following formula: Number of injurious fall events X12 / (Number of months spent to collect injurious fall data X number of subjects) A lower injurious fall rate indicates a better effect on injurious fall reduction.
Time frame: 1 year
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