The Effect of Improvement in Function on Foot Pressure, Balance and Gait in Children With Upper Extremity Affected

Overview

It has been shown that movements of the upper extremity during walking are associated with lower extremity mobility. For example, when walking at a slow pace, the swing frequency of the arms is 2: 1 compared to the legs, while the limb frequency decreases to 1: 1 as the walking speed increases. That is, in order to walk fast, the lower extremity takes advantage of the acceleration of the upper extremity \[1\]. It is known that the muscles of the shoulder girdle also support this oscillating movement in the upper extremity during walking. Thus, it is thought that blocking or restricting shoulder girdle and arm movements during walking increases energy expenditure and heart rate, decreases gait stability, and decreases stride length and walking speed \[2,3\]. However, the possible effects that the upper limb can aid in movement include decreasing vertical displacement of the center of mass, decreasing angular momentum or decreasing ground reaction moment, and increasing walking stability \[2-4\]. In these studies that restrict arm swing, methods such as crossing the arms on the chest \[5\], holding the arm in a sling or pocket \[6\], or fixing the arms to the trunk with a bandage \[7\] were used. Studies have generally been conducted on healthy individuals or on the biomechanical model, and arm swing during walking has not been investigated in pathologies with only upper extremity involvement (upper extremity fractures, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) without any problems with lower extremity and/or walking. This study is aimed to reveal the effects of decreased upper extremity functionality on walking and balance.

It has been shown that movements of the upper extremity during walking are associated with lower extremity mobility. For example, when walking at a slow pace, the swing frequency of the arms is 2: 1 compared to the legs, while the limb frequency decreases to 1: 1 as the walking speed increases. That is, in order to walk fast, the lower extremity takes advantage of the acceleration of the upper extremity \[1\]. It is known that the muscles of the shoulder girdle also support this oscillating movement in the upper extremity during walking. Thus, it is thought that blocking or restricting shoulder girdle and arm movements during walking increases energy expenditure and heart rate, decreases gait stability, and decreases stride length and walking speed \[2,3\]. However, the possible effects that the upper limb can aid in the movement include decreasing vertical displacement of the center of mass, decreasing angular momentum or decreasing ground reaction moment, and increasing walking stability \[2-4\]. In these studies that restrict arm swing, methods such as crossing the arms on the chest \[5\], holding the arm in a sling or pocket \[6\], or fixing the arms to the trunk with a bandage \[7\] were used. Studies have generally been conducted on healthy individuals or on the biomechanical model, and arm swing during walking has not been investigated in pathologies with only upper extremity involvement (upper extremity fractures, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) without any problems with lower extremity and/or walking. Studies performed in pathologies where upper extremity mobility and arm swing are affected have shown that the kinetic and kinematic parameters of walking are also affected \[8-11\]. This change in walking dynamics also changes foot pressure behavior. In a study investigating the effect of arm swing on the affected side on walking in hemiplegic individuals, ground reaction forces on the affected and unaffected sides by foot pressure analysis were examined and it was found that the maximum forces applied during the first contact and toe-off on both sides decreased \[12\]. In addition, the stance phase duration was higher in hemiplegic patients compared to healthy controls in both lower extremities \[12\]. This suggests that the affected upper extremity may change the time to transfer weight while walking. In a study investigating the changes in gait parameters in patients with brachial plexus \[13\] in which ground reaction forces were examined, different gait phase durations and maximum ground reaction force times were found in the affected lower extremity compared to the unaffected side. In a study examining whether the degree of upper extremity functionality has an effect on walking in patients with hemiparetic cerebral palsy; Patients were included in the exercise program aimed at increasing upper extremity function, and as a result, it was found that while upper extremity function increased, patients improved walking parameters and walking distance \[14\]. Zhou et al. investigated the effects of an active upper extremity exercise program in patients with spinal cord injuries and demonstrated the usefulness of active upper extremity participation in walking \[15\]. With these results in the literature, the effect of reduced upper extremity function on gait and balance in disease groups (such as rheumatic diseases with only upper extremity involvement, upper extremity fractures) without affecting walking or any neurological/orthopedic diagnosis that may affect walking was not investigated. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of decreased upper extremity functionality on walking and balance.