Comparison of HBV Reactivation Between Patients With High HBV-DNA and Low HBV-DNA Loads Undergoing ICI and Concurrent Antiviral Prophylaxis: a Prospective Observational Study

Inclusion Criteria: * The diagnosis of HCC was based on the diagnostic criteria for HCC used by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) * Seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) * Received concurrent antiviral prophylaxis and at least one cycle of ICI treatment. Prior use of antiviral therapy was allowed * Adherence to antiviral therapy * A life expectancy of 3 months or more * An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0-2 Exclusion Criteria: * other positive viral markers, including IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus, the hepatitis C virus viral load, IgG antibodies to hepatitis D virus, IgM antibodies to hepatitis E virus * Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, * A lack of HBV DNA and liver function testing before the first immunotherapy and during the follow-up period.