Validation of the Chinese Version of the SECONDs

Inclusion Criteria: * age ≥ 16 years old; * no administration of neuromuscular blockers or sedation within the 24 hours of enrolment; * the presence of periods of eye opening (indicating wakefulness and rest cycles); * a diagnosis of VS or MCS, based on more than 4 times behavioral assessment performed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised within 2 weeks. Exclusion Criteria: * Coma; * documented history of prior brain injury; * psychiatric or neurologic illness; * neuromuscular blocking agents or sedative drugs administered within the prior 24 hours; * no documented history of a prior coma, critical illness or unstable medical condition; * upper limb contusions, fractures (based on the imaging examination) or flaccid paralysis (by using noxious stimuli to upper limbs, motor sub-scale scores \<1).