A randomized controlled trial to test the effects of culturally appropriate nutrition communication delivered via different modalities for Mexican American women.
A randomized controlled trial with pre-test and immediate post-test was employed to test the effects of different types of message modalities (video vs. comic book). The study was conducted online with Mexican American women aged 18-29 years old. Messages focused on sugary beverage consumption and the main outcomes are individual intention to adopt health behaviors which will be measured by the increased degree of individual knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and intention to reduce SSB consumption, as well as social level behavior changes that will be measured by the improved magnitude of public health literacy, SSB media literacy, and empowerment. Secondary outcomes of interest include the evaluations on the dimension of message themselves include participants' direct reaction to messages and their perceived effectiveness of messages, which will be measured by transportation of messages, identification of characters, emotional response of scenes, perceived effectiveness of messages, engagement with messages, and willingness to disseminate messages.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
129
Spoken word poem set to video images performed by author. Comic book was transformed from the video that was equivalent in content to the video.
University of California Merced SONA System (Online Platform)
Merced, California, United States
Knowledge
Knowledge increases self-efficacy and makes people to make better health choices for themselves and knowledge of the negative consequences of a given health behavior increases the intention to reduce that behavior. Therefore, better knowledge of the negative consequences of SSB consumption directly impacts individual level SSB consumption. We created an SSB knowledge scale comprising 6 true or false items adapted from multiple studies. The statements are as follows: "Excessive sugar consumption causes (1) health problems (2) weight gain (3) dental caries (4) diabetes (5) cancer and (6) heart disease." Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of SSB knowledge.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Attitude toward sugary beverage consumption
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) states that attitude toward reducing SSB consumption is an individual level outcome predicting intention to reduce SSB consumption. We will measure attitude toward reducing SSB consumption as a single, 5-point Likert item with responses ranging from Very Good=5 to Very Bad=1 as follows: "Reducing my consumption of sugary beverages over the next 3 months would be." Greater scores on this scale represented more positive attitude toward reducing SSB consumption
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Subjective norms toward sugary beverage consumption
The TPB states that subjective norms to reduce SSB consumption is an individual level outcome facilitating intention to reduce SSB consumption. We will measure intention to reduce SSB consumption as a single, 5-point Likert item with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 as follows: "Most people who are important to me would approve of my drinking less than 1 cup of sugary drinks each day for the next 3 months." Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of intention to reduce SSB consumption.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Self-efficacy toward SSB consumption
The TPB states that self-efficacy to reduce SSB consumption is an individual level outcome predicting intention to reduce SSB consumption. We will measure self-efficacy to reduce SSB consumption as a single, 5-point Likert item with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 as follows: "If I really wanted to, I am confident that I could reduce my consumption of sugary beverages over the next 3 months." Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of self-efficacy to reduce SSB consumption.
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Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Intention to reduce SSB consumption
The TPB states that intention to reduce SSB consumption is an individual level outcome predicting actual reduction of SSB consumption. We will measure intention to reduce SSB consumption as a single, 5-point Likert item with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 as follows: "I plan to reduce my consumption of sugary beverages over the next 3 months." Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of intention to reduce SSB consumption.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Media literacy
We will measure SSB related media literacy using a 5-point, 8-item Likert scale with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 adapted from Chen et. al.(Cronbach's Alpha = 0.83). This scale measures how much the participants understand the ways in which SSB industry used media to influence and manipulate their SSB consumption behaviors. Some sample items are as follows: "Certain sugary drink brands are designed to appeal to people like me," "Sugary drink ads show a healthy lifestyle to make people forget about the health risks, such as weight gain and diabetes" and "Sugary drink ads link drinking these beverages to things people want, like love, good looks, and power." Greater scores on this scale represent greater levels of SSB media literacy.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Public health literacy
Public health literacy is defined here as an understanding of the social determinants of health. We will measure it using a 5-point and 7-item Likert scale with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.78). The seven items measure opinions about how much different external factors affect health because this best reflected an understanding of the social determinants of health: (1) money, (2) education, (3) safe and affordable housing, (4) early childhood experiences, and (5) government policies and programs (6) lifestyle choices and (7) consequences of system failure on the under-resourced. Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of public health literacy.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Empowerment
Empowerment is defined as a social level construct measured using a 4-point and 8 item Likert scale adapted from Zimmerman et. al. with responses ranging from Strongly Agree/Very Effective=4 to Strongly Disagree/Not Effective at all=1. The scale comprised three subscales namely (1) Community control (2 items; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.68); (2) Perceived effectiveness of actions to influence community decisions (3 items; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.79); and (3) Perceived difficulty (3 items, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.78). Sample questions from each subscale were as follows: "I can influence decisions that affect my community," "How effective would it be to attend meetings about some community issue or problem in convincing public officials and institutions to do something?" and "Community problems are often so complicated that even informed people can't figure out what should be done about them." Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of psychological empowerment.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Transportation
We will measure transportation of messages using a 5-point, 2-item Likert scale with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 adapted based on scales by Green \& Brock and Kim (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.85). The two items in the scale are, "I could picture myself in the scene of the events shown in the message," and "My attention was fully captured while viewing the message." Greater scores on this scale represent greater levels of engagement with the video.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Identification
Identification is measured using a 5-point, 4-item Likert scale adapted from scales by Cohen and Phua (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.84). Greater scores on this scale represent greater degree of identification with the character in the video. Identification with characters also include the perceived similarity with main character in the video, which will be measured using a 5-point, 2-item Likert scale with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 adapted from Cohen et. al. (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.93). The two items in the scale are, "I feel the person in the message, and I have many things in common," and "The person in the video and I are similar in many ways." Greater scores represent greater levels of perceived similarity.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Emotional response to video
We will measure emotional responses to the video using a 11-item, 5-point scale with responses ranging from Not at all=1 to Extremely=5 adapted from Dixon et. al. (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.95). The question stated "We are interested in how this message made you feel. Please indicate the extent to which the message made you feel…" The scale consisted of seven negative emotions viz., Disgusted, Anxious, Ashamed, Fearful, Guilty, Sad and Angry and four positive emotions viz., Proud, Validated, Hopeful and Empathetic. Higher scores on this scale represented more positive emotional response to the video.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Perceived effectiveness
Perceived effectiveness of the message is known to affect intention to engage in a given health behavior. Furthermore, some researchers have raised concerns of reactance as a negative consequence of persuasive messages69, 70 while others seem to argue that it does not necessarily affect the efficacy of a message. Therefore, we will measure perceived effectiveness of and reactance to the stimuli as a proxy measure for intention to reduce SSB consumption using a 5-point, 14-item Likert scale with responses ranging from Strongly Agree=5 to Strongly Disagree=1 adapted from Dixon et. al and other prior research. This scale comprised 4 subscales namely (1) Message Acceptance (2 items, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.89); (2) Argument Strength (4 items, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.88); (3) Personalized Perceived Effectiveness (7 items, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.91); and (4) Reactance (1 item). Greater scores on this scale represented greater levels of perceived effectiveness of the message.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Willingness to disseminate the message
We will measure the willingness to disseminate the message by a 10-point Net Promoter Score (NPS) adapted from Alismail et. al (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.87). The item is, "On a scale from 0-10, how likely are you to recommend this message to a friend or family". Greater scores on this scale indicate greater willingness to recommend the message to others.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure
Engagement with the message
Engagement with message in this study means engagement with The Bigger Picture Project campaign since the two experimental treatments were all from this campaign. We will measure this outcome by clicking the campaign link for more information in Qualtrics shown on the stimuli display pages with clicked = 1 and did not click = 0.
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention exposure