A single-blind, parallel-group, randomised trial will be conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil. People with Parkinson's Disease (PD) will be recruited at "Brazil Parkinson Association" (BPA), a non-governmental association of PD care, and randomly allocated in two groups: the Movement Guidance Group (MVG) and NO-MVG Group. Both groups will perform XBOX Kinect training for balance and gait. However, the MVG will receive kinesthetic stimuli manually by the physiotherapist (PT) to improve the participant movements while the NO-MVG Group will not, the presence of the PT will be restrict to only guarantee the participant safety.
BACKGROUND: Despite evidences indicate the benefit of motor interventions based on video games in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD), practice guidelines for the therapeutic use in physiotherapy were still not established. Although visual and auditory stimuli provided by video games are pointed as one of the main advantages for their therapeutic use, the effects of kinesthetic stimuli offered through physical therapist manual intervention during this type of training in people with PD have not been investigated yet. The answer to this question is relevant to guide the physical therapist (PT) conduct during this kind of intervention. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of motor training using video games with and without kinesthetic stimuli offered by physical therapist manual guidance during intervention on the functionality of people with PD. METHODS: A blind randomized clinical trial in people with idiopathic PD, staging of 1 to 3 according to disability scale of Hoehn and Yahr, will be performed. Participants will be randomized into two groups: the Movement Guidance Group (MVG) and NO-MVG Group. Both groups will receive 8 individual sessions, twice a week, for 4 weeks. Each session consist of 10 minutes of warm-up and 40 minutes of XBOX Kinect training for balance and gait. In the MVG Group, the PT will provide kinesthetic stimuli by assisting manually the participant movements. In the NO-MVG Group, the involvement of the PT will be restricted to ensure participant safety. The two groups will be evaluated before (BT) and after (AT) training and after 60 days (follow-up). A blind physiotherapist will conduct the assessments. Measurements are categorized according to the International Functioning Classification (ICF), those associated with the activity level were established as primary measures: Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest); International Falls Effectiveness Scale (FES-I); 30-second Gait Test; Six Minute Walk Distance (6MWD); Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSTS) and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rate Scale (UPDRS) session II. Secondary measures were the evaluation of function using UPDRS session III; Rapid Turns Test (RTT); Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA); Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and participation using the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ-39). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: An ANOVA to repeated measures will be use, having as factors: group (MVG Group and NO-MVG Group) and evaluations (BT, AT and FU). Followed by post hoc Tukey Test to the significance factors. A significance of 5% will be considered.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
40
Participants of the MVG will received kinesthetic stimuli by manual assistance of the physiotherapist, which has the intention of guiding and improving the quality of movement during XBOX Kinect training for balance and gait. Each session consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up and 40 minutes of XBOX Kinect training, using 4 different exergames.
Participants of the NO-MVG will not received kinesthetic stimuli by manual assistance of the physiotherapist during XBOX Kinect training for balance and gait. They will perform the exercises without any manual correction. Although, the physiotherapist will be present during all session to ensure their safety. Each session consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up and 40 minutes of XBOX Kinect training, using 4 different exergames.
Department of Physiotherapy, Communication Science & Disorders, Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest)
Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) measures balance. It includes 36 items that evaluate performance of 6 balance systems: biomechanical constraints, stability limits/verticality, anticipatory postural adjustments, postural responses, sensory orientation, and stability in gait.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
International Falls Effectiveness Scale (FES-I)
It presents questions about the concern with the possibility of falling when performing 16 activities, with respective scores from one to four. The total score can range from 16 (no concern) to 64 (extreme worry).
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
30-second Gait Test
Functional mobility test that assesses gait performance under the influence of a verbal fluency cognitive task (speaking as many words that start with a certain letter established by the evaluator), in which the individual must walk continuously for 30 seconds and, when multitasking, he or she is instructed to perform both without interruption (command = "perform both tasks at the same time, without stopping talking or walking"). The evaluator measures the distance that the subject was able to travel in a single task and in a double task.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Six Minute Walk Distance
A gait assessment method that measures the maximum distance a person can walk in six minutes and measures maximal cardiorespiratory functions.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Five Times Sit to Stand
A measure of functional mobility that assists in the identification of insufficient strength and muscle strength of the lower limbs, assessing balance and identifying people at risk of falls. In this task, the individual is instructed to sit and get up from a chair, without armrests, for 5 times without stopping as quickly as possible. The evaluator measures the time the subject performs this task.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale - Session II
It is a gold standard scale used to assess and monitor PD progression. It consists of 42 items and divided into four segments: Part I (non-motor aspects of daily life), Part II (motor aspects of daily life), Part III (motor evaluation) and Part IV (motor complications). a score from 0 to 4 is established, the lower the score the better the individual's condition. In Part II, the questions are conducted by the evaluator and the answers are based on the self-reported report by the evaluated person regarding his motor performance in daily life activities.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale - Session III
In session III of the UPDRS, the motor function is assessed, unlike session II which the score from 0 to 4 is given according to the individual's perception of his or her own performance, in this part the score is given according to the clinical motor analysis of the therapist. The higher the score, the worse the state of motor performance.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Rapid Turns Test
Measure of evaluation of the function related to the gait pattern, specifically to assess presence of episode of freezing of gait. The subject turns in a complete circle (360 degrees) as fast as he or she can while being timed to finish it. The test is done to both sides (right and left).
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Geriatric Depression Scale
It is a test for detecting depressive symptoms in the elderly, with 15 questions in which the result of 5 or more points shows a sign of depression, with a score equal to or greater than 11 characterizing severe depression.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
The instrument assesses different cognitive domains such as visuospatial and executive functions, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction and orientation. The total score of the scale is 30 points and scores greater than or equal to 26 indicate normal performance.
Time frame: Change from baseline up to 3 months
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