Feasibility of EUS-guided Biliary Drainage With LAMS for the Treatmentof Patients With Distal Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Overview

Distal malignant biliary obstruction results from different types of tumors including pancreatic cancer, biliary tract cancer (BTC), gallbladder cancer, and metastasis, which can lead to obstructive jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) represents the gold standard for jaundice palliation in this setting of patients. However, surgically altered anatomy (i.e., Whipple intervention, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Billroth II surgery), periampullary diverticula, gastric outlet obstruction, and malignant obstruction of the lumen determine the failure of the procedure in about 5-10% of cases, requiring alternative methods of decompression. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and surgical bypass are well established alternatives in these patients, but associated with increased morbidity, longer length of hospital stay and higher costs, and patient discomfort. In 2001 Giovannini et al. described the first EUS guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) through a transduodenal access with a needle knife. Subsequently, EUS-BD has considerably evolved thanks to the development of dedicated devices such as lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS), specifically designed for endoscopic ultrasound procedures. LAMS are made up of braided nitinol, that is fully covered with silicone to prevent tissue ingrowth, with wide flanges on both ends to provide anchorage. Recently, LAMS have been incorporated into a delivery system with an electrocautery mounted on the tip (Hot Axios; Boston Scientific Corp.), which allows the device to be used directly to penetrate the target structure without the need to utilize a 19G needle, a guidewire, and a cystotome for prior dilation. This has been described for drainage of peri-pancreatic fluid collections, common bile duct (CBD), gallbladder, and for creation of gastro-jejuno anastomosis. The biliary drainage procedure performed with the Hot Axios sistem is a one step procedure that requires less or no need for accessory exchange and becomes faster, thus potentially decreasing the risk of complications. The procedure has been described as safe and effective with a technical success of 98.2 %, clinical success of 96.4 %, and low rate of complications 7 % (duodenal perforations, bleeding and transient cholangitis). A systematic review and meta-analyses showed clinical and technical success rates of 87% and 95% respectively. Currently, the EUS-BD is indicated as a rescue therapy for jaundice palliation after ERCP failure.