During this project the effect of different types of sourdough breads consumption on satiety, energy intake at subsequent meal and postprandial metabolic responses, will be investigated.
A 3-phase randomised cross-over trial will be applied consisting of 3 intervention periods of 2 weeks, with a test day performed at the last day of each intervention period. During each intervention period, participants will consume a fixed amount of test bread, replacing their regular bread, and they will keep food and stool diaries preceding each Test-day. Faecal samples will be collected before each Test-day. On the Test-day, participants will perform a gastric emptying breath test. Furthermore, blood samples and appetite ratings will be collected at regular time points after consumption of the test bread for measurement of glucose, insulin, gut peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and blood lipids. Food intake will be assessed by offering the subjects a standard lunch to be consumed ad-libitum.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
43
180g wholemeal bread/day + fixed portion at test day
180g sourdough bread/day + fixed portion at test day
180g bread with sourdough/day + fixed portion at test day
KU Leuven/ UZ Leuven
Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium
Appetite measurements
Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Appetite measurements
Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Appetite measurements
Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 4 hours)
Food intake at subsequent meal
Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers
Time frame: During test day 1 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast)
Food intake at subsequent meal
Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers
Time frame: During test day 2 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast)
Food intake at subsequent meal
Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers
Time frame: During test day 3 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast)
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Oral processing behaviour
Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 15 minutes)
Oral processing behaviour
Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 15 minutes)
Oral processing behaviour
Participants will be video-recorded to measure oral processing behaviour of the test meal
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 15 minutes)
Blood lipids
Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically
Time frame: During test day 1
Blood lipids
Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically
Time frame: During test day 2
Blood lipids
Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, colourimetrically
Time frame: During test day 3
Glucose response
Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Glucose response
Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Glucose response
Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 4 hours)
Insulin response
Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Insulin response
Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Insulin response
Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 4 hours)
Incretin hormones
Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Incretin hormones
Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Incretin hormones
Incretin hormones (GLP-1 and PYY) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 4 hours)
Short-chain-fatty-acids
Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 8 hours)
Short-chain-fatty-acids
Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 8 hours)
Short-chain-fatty-acids
Short-chain-fatty-acids will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 8 hours)
Short-chain-fatty-acids
Faecal (GC-FID)
Time frame: 1 time after intervention with each bread type (totally 3 times over a period of 10 weeks)
Gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 3 (up to 4 hours)
Free-living energy intake
4-day food diaries, mobile app
Time frame: 4 days during intervention with each bread type (totally 3x4 days over a period of 10 weeks)
Stool shape and consistency
4-day stool diaries, the Bristol Stool Score
Time frame: 4 days during intervention with each bread type (totally 3x4 days over a period of 10 weeks)
Change in Gut microbiota composition
Change in Gut microbiota composition after consumption of each test meal for 14 days will be analysed using the relative abundance of bacterial taxa according to 16S rRNA sequencing data
Time frame: 1 time after intervention with each bread type (totally 3 times over a period of 10 weeks)