The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three months' endurance training and three months' endurance-strength training on selected psychological aspects in women with abdominal obesity.
Study patients. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study meets the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki in its revised version of 1975 and its amendments of 1983, 1989, and 1996. Study design. The study was designed as a prospective randomized trial. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, using a randomization list. Both groups performed three month of physical training. Group A underwent endurance training, while group B performed endurance-strength training. Aside from the training, all subjects were instructed to maintain the physical activity and diet that they had been practicing so far. At baseline and after three months of physical training, anthropometric measurements were performed and psychological questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10); The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES); Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34); Figure rating scale (FRS); The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18)) were fulfilled for both groups. Intervention. The exercise program lasted three months, with three sessions per week. Women in both groups participated in a total of 36 training sessions. The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate. Both the endurance and endurance-strength training were comparable in exercise volume; the only difference was the nature of the effort.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
38
The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity.
Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate.
Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics; Poznan University of Medical Sciences
Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 1 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 1 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 2 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 2 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 3 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and "stressed"?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 3 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and "stressed"?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 4 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?
Time frame: at Baseline
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Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 4 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 5 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 5 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 6 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 6 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 7 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 7 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 8 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 8 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 9 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 9 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 10 at Baseline
In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
Time frame: at Baseline
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 10 after three months of physical training
In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 1 at Baseline
On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 1 after three months of physical training
On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 2 at Baseline
At times, I think I am no good at all.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 2 after three months of physical training
At times, I think I am no good at all.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 3 at Beseline
I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 3 after three months of physical training
I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 4 at Baseline
I am able to do things as well as most other people.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 4 at Baseline
I am able to do things as well as most other people.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 5 at Baseline
I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
Time frame: At the baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 5 after three months of physical training
I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 6 at Baseline
I certainly feel useless at times.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 6 after three months of physical training
I certainly feel useless at times.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 7 at Baseline
I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 7 after three months of physical training
I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 8 at Baseline
I wish I could have more respect for myself.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 8 after three months of physical training
I wish I could have more respect for myself.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 9 at Baseline
All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 9 after three months of physical training
All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 10 at Baseline
I take a positive attitude toward myself.
Time frame: at Baseline
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 10 after three months of physical training
I take a positive attitude toward myself.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 1 at baseline
Has feeling bored made you brood about your shape?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 1 after three months of physical training
Has feeling bored made you brood about your shape?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 2 at baseline
Have you been so worried about your shape that you have been feeling you ought to diet?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 2 after three months of physical training
Have you been so worried about your shape that you have been feeling you ought to diet?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 3 at baseline
Have you thought that your thighs, hips or bottom are too large for the rest of you?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 3 after three months of physical training
Have you thought that your thighs, hips or bottom are too large for the rest of you?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 4 at baseline
Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 4 after three months of physical training
Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 5 at baseline
Have you worried about your flesh being not firm enough?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 5 after three months of physical training
Have you worried about your flesh being not firm enough?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 6 at baseline
Has feeling full (e.g. after eating a large meal) made you feel fat?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 6 after three months of physical training
Has feeling full (e.g. after eating a large meal) made you feel fat?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 7 at baseline
Have you felt so bad about your shape that you have cried?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 7 after three months of physical training
Have you felt so bad about your shape that you have cried?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 8 at baseline
Have you avoided running because your flesh might wobble?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 8 after three months of physical training
Have you avoided running because your flesh might wobble?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 9 at baseline
Has being with thin women made you feel self-conscious about your shape?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 9 after three months of physical training
Has being with thin women made you feel self-conscious about your shape?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 10 at baseline
Have you worried about your thighs spreading out when sitting down?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 10 after three months of physical training
Have you worried about your thighs spreading out when sitting down?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 11 at baseline
Has eating even a small amount of food made you feel fat?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 11 after three months of physical training
Has eating even a small amount of food made you feel fat?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 12 at baseline
Have you noticed the shape of other women and felt that your own shape compared unfavourably?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 12 after three months of physical training
Have you noticed the shape of other women and felt that your own shape compared unfavourably?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 13 at baseline
Has thinking about your shape interfered with your ability to concentrate (e.g. while watching television, reading, listening to conversations)?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 13 after three months of physical training
Has thinking about your shape interfered with your ability to concentrate (e.g. while watching television, reading, listening to conversations)?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 14 at baseline
Has being naked, such as when taking a bath, made you feel fat?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 14 after three months of physical training
Has being naked, such as when taking a bath, made you feel fat?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 15 at baseline
Have you avoided wearing clothes which make you particularly aware of the shape of your body?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 15 after three months of physical training
Have you avoided wearing clothes which make you particularly aware of the shape of your body?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 16 at baseline
Have you imagined cutting off fleshy areas of your body?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 16 after three months of physical training
Have you imagined cutting off fleshy areas of your body?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 17 at baseline
Has eating sweets, cakes, or other high calorie food made you feel fat?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 17 after three months of physical training
Has eating sweets, cakes, or other high calorie food made you feel fat?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 18 at baseline
Have you not gone out to social occasions (e.g. parties) because you have felt bad about your shape?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 18 after three months of physical training
Have you not gone out to social occasions (e.g. parties) because you have felt bad about your shape?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 19 at baseline
Have you felt excessively large and rounded?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 19 after three months of physical training
Have you felt excessively large and rounded?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 20 at baseline
Have you felt ashamed of your body?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 20 after three months of physical training
Have you felt ashamed of your body?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 21 at baseline
Has worry about your shape made you diet?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 21 after three months of physical training
Has worry about your shape made you diet?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 22 at baseline
Have you felt happiest about your shape when your stomach has been empty (e.g. in the morning)?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 22 after three months of physical training
Have you felt happiest about your shape when your stomach has been empty (e.g. in the morning)?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 23 at baseline
Have you thought that you are in the shape you are because you lack self-control?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 23 after three months of physical training
Have you thought that you are in the shape you are because you lack self-control?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 24 at baseline
Have you worried about other people seeing rolls of fat around your waist or stomach?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 24 after three months of physical training
Have you worried about other people seeing rolls of fat around your waist or stomach?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 25 at baseline
Have you felt that it is not fair that other women are thinner than you?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 25 after three months of physical training
Have you felt that it is not fair that other women are thinner than you?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 26 at baseline
Have you vomited in order to feel thinner?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 26 after three months of physical training
Have you vomited in order to feel thinner?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 27 at baseline
When in company have your worried about taking up too much room (e.g. sitting on a sofa, or a bus seat)?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 27 after three months of physical training
When in company have your worried about taking up too much room (e.g. sitting on a sofa, or a bus seat)?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 28 at baseline
Have you worried about your flesh being dimply?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 28after three months of physical training
Have you worried about your flesh being dimply?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 29 at baseline
Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 29 after three months of physical training
Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 30 at baseline
Have you pinched areas of your body to see how much fat there is?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 30 after three months of physical training
Have you pinched areas of your body to see how much fat there is?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 31 at baseline
Have you avoided situations where people could see your body (e.g. communal changing rooms or swimming baths)?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 31 after three months of physical training
Have you avoided situations where people could see your body (e.g. communal changing rooms or swimming baths)?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 32 at baseline
Have you taken laxatives in order to feel thinner?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 32 after three months of physical training
Have you taken laxatives in order to feel thinner?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 33 at baseline
Have you been particularly self-conscious about your shape when in the company of other people?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 33 after three months of physical training
Have you been particularly self-conscious about your shape when in the company of other people?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 34 at baseline
Has worry about your shape made you feel you ought to exercise?
Time frame: at baseline
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 34 after three months of physical training
Has worry about your shape made you feel you ought to exercise?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 1 at baseline
Figure no. 1
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 1 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 1
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 2 at baseline
Figure no. 2
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 2 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 2
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 3 at baseline
Figure no. 3
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 3 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 3
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 4 at baseline
Figure no. 4
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 4 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 4
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 5 at baseline
Figure no. 5
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 5 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 5
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 6 at baseline
Figure no. 6
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 6 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 6
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 7 at baseline
Figure no. 7
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 7 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 7
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 8 at baseline
Figure no. 8
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 8 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 8
Time frame: after three months of physical training
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 9 at baseline
Figure no. 9
Time frame: at baseline
Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 9 after three months of physical training
Figure no. 9
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 1 at baseline
When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 1 after three months of physical training
When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 2 at baseline
I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 2 after three months of physical training
I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 3 at baseline
When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 3 after three months of physical training
When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 4 at baseline
Sometimes when I start eating, I just can't seem to stop.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 4 after three months of physical training
Sometimes when I start eating, I just can't seem to stop.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 5 at baseline
Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough to eat also.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 5 after three months of physical training
Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough to eat also.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 6 at baseline
When I feel blue, I often overeat.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 6 after three months of physical training
When I feel blue, I often overeat.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 7 at baseline
When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eat right away.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 7 after three months of physical training
When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eat right away.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 8 at baseline
I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 8 after three months of physical training
I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 9 at baseline
I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finish the food on my plate.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 9 after three months of physical training
I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finish the food on my plate.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 10 at baseline
When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 10 after three months of physical training
When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 11 at baseline
I consciously hold back at meals in order not to weight gain.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 11after three months of physical training
I consciously hold back at meals in order not to weight gain.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 12 at baseline
I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 12 after three months of physical training
I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 13 at baseline
I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 13 after three months of physical training
I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 14 at baseline
How often do you feel hungry?
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 14 after three months of physical training
How often do you feel hungry?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 15 at baseline
How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on tempting foods?
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 15 after three months of physical training
How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on tempting foods?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 16 at baseline
How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 16 after three months of physical training
How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 17 at baseline
Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 17 after three months of physical training
Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?
Time frame: after three months of physical training
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 18 at baseline
On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never "giving in"), what number would you give yourself?
Time frame: at baseline
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 18 after three months of physical training
On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never "giving in"), what number would you give yourself?
Time frame: after three months of physical training