The aim of this study is to determine the combined effect of SLP along with Physiotherapy in improving Type 2 DPN patients taking OHAs and GLP-1 analogues.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease defined by persistently increased blood glucose levels with fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl, random plasma glucose ≥ 200mg/dl and HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Diabetes has emerged as a great socioeconomic burden for the developing world. In 2017, globally, 451 million people were affected with diabetes. In Pakistan, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 16.98% which differs significantly with age, education, body mass index (BMI), obesity, family history and blood pressure. DM is classified into type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T1D occurs due to an autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction with consequent insulin deficiency whereas T2D occurs due to predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency or defective secretion. T2D cause serious and chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications. One of the most prevalent microvascular complication is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). DPN is defined as distal, symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy as a result of hyperglycemia and microangiopathy. It is a demyelinating disease of peripheral nerve fibers that manifests as parasthesias, impairment of sensations of vibration, proprioception, touch, pressure, pain and temperature. Risk factors of DPN are age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c \>7.0%, increased BMI, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Treatment of T2D is targeted towards good glycemic control that includes life style modifications i.e. diet and exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and subcutaneous insulin administration. In life style modification, variety of exercises are recommended that help to slow the progression of peripheral neuropathy.These include; aerobic training, weight-bearing, static and dynamic balance training and strength training exercises which improve the gait speed, stride length and nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) of sensory and motor nerves while flexibility exercises improve the range-of-motion in ankle, hip and shoulder joints and keep them flexible. Importance of dietary modification is enhanced if it is synchronized with the circadian rhythm of the body. Therefore, Synchronized Lifestyle Modification Program (SLP) is a personalized, homeostasis restoring, liver centric lifestyle modification program that works through the correction of body clock rhythm. Lifestyle medicine is defined as the discipline of studying how daily habits and practices impact both on the prevention and treatment of disease. Its key aspects are: regular physical activity, proper nutrition, weight management, avoiding tobacco and a sound mental health. Lifestyle modification in diabetics is believed to enhance the function of pancreatic islet cells and induce glucose-stimulated insulin release.Regarding pharmacological treatment, following OHAs are used which are; biguanides, insulin secretagogues, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Now a days, an injectable agent i.e. Glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonist is used with OHAs and is effective in decreasing blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia in elderly patients. Limited data is available which supports the combined effect of Synchronized Lifestyle modification Program (SLP) and Physiotherapy in the progression of DPN in T2D patients taking OHAs and GLP-1.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
216
Synchronization of dietary intake with circadian rhythm of the body
Synchronization of dietary intake along with Physiotherapy (aerobic, flexibility, resistance and balance exercises)
Physiotherapy given only (aerobic, flexibility, resistance and balance exercises)
Pakistan Railway Hospital
Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan
Life style pattern assessment
Changes from baseline, assessed through a self-structured questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions to assess the timing and type of food taken in meals, daily water intake and sleeping habits. Total 10 questions are included.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Calculation of Body Mass Index
Changes from baseline calculated by measuring height in meters through a metal measuring tape and weight in kilograms through portable manual weighing scale. BMI with minimum value of 18.5 kilogram/ meters square (kg/m2) and maximum value of 24.9 kilogram /meters square (kg/m2). Below 18.5 kilograms/meters square (kg/m2) is considered as underweight and above 24.9 kilogram/meters square (kg/m2) is considered as obese.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Measurement of Systolic Blood pressure
Changes from baseline are assessed by using Mercury Sphygmomanometer with minimum value of 110 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) and the maximum value of 130 millimeter of mercury (mmHg). Below 110 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is considered as low systolic blood pressure and above 130 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is considered as high systolic blood pressure.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Measurement of Diastolic Blood pressure
Changes from baseline are assessed by using Mercury Sphygmomanometer with minimum value of 60 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) and the maximum value of 90 millimeter of mercury (mmHg). Below 60 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is considered as low diastolic blood pressure and a value above 90 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is considered as high diastolic blood pressure.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument
Changes from baseline is assessed. Subjective assessment is done by a questionnaire that is self-administered by the participants. Responses of "yes" are given to questions 1-3, 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15 and each of them counted as one point. A "no" response is given on questions 7 and 13 and are counted as 1 point. A score of more than or equal to 7 in the history questionnaire is considered abnormal. Lower extremity examination includes inspection and assessment of vibratory sensation and ankle reflexes which is considered as abnormal at a score of more than or equal to 2.5.
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Time frame: 12 weeks
Peak latency of Sensory Nerves (Sural and Peroneal)
Changes from baseline is assessed through nerve conduction studies. Value of 4.2 millisecond (ms) of sural nerve and 6.1 millisecond (ms) for peroneal nerve is considered normal. Values below 4.2 millisecond (ms) and 6.1 millisecond (ms) are considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Amplitude of Sensory Nerves (Sural and Peroneal)
Changes from baseline are assessed through nerve conduction studies with a value of 6 microvolt (µV) for sural nerve and 2 microvolt (µV) for peroneal are considered normal. Values below 6 microvolt (µV) and 2 microvolt (µV) are considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Velocity of Sensory Nerves
Changes from baseline are assessed through nerve conduction studies with value of 41 meters/second (m/sec) is considered normal. Value below 41meters/second (m/sec) is considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Onset Latency of Motor Nerves (Peroneal and Tibial)
Changes from baseline are assessed through nerve conduction studies with value of 6.1 millisecond (ms) for both are considered normal. Value below 6.1 millisecond (ms) is considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Amplitude of Motor Nerves (Peroneal and Tibial)
Changes from baseline are assessed through nerve conduction studies with values of 2 millivolt (mV) and 3 millivolt (mV) are considered normal. Values below 2 millivolt (mV) and 3 millivolt (mV) are considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Velocity of Motor Nerves (Peroneal and Tibial)
Changes from baseline are assessed through nerve conduction studies with values of 41 meters/second (m/sec) is considered normal for both nerves. Value less than 41 meters/second (m/sec) is considered abnormal.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Assessment of Balance by Berg Balance Scale
Changes from baseline are assessed with Low Fall Risk 41-56, Medium Fall Risk 21-40, High Fall Risk 0-20.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum Fasting Blood Glucose
Changes from baseline are measured by Glucose oxidase enzyme based method in milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) using Glucometer with minimum value of 72 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) and maximum value of 99 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL). Value below 72 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) is considered hypoglycemic and above 99 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) is hyperglycemic.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum Total Cholesterol
Changes from baseline are measured by Cholesterol oxidase enzyme based method with minimum value of 125 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) and maximum value of 200 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum Triglycerides
Changes from baseline are measured by Glycerol phosphate enzyme based method with minimum value of less than150 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) and maximum value of199 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Changes from baseline are measured by Direct enzymatic immune-inhibition with minimum value of 40 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) and maximum value of greater than 40 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum Low Density Lipoproteins
Changes from baseline are measured by Friedewald calculation with minimum value of 100 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) and maximum value of 129 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Serum HbA1c concentration
Changes from baseline are measured by Ion exchange chromatography with minimum value of 4 % and maximum value of 5.9 %. Normal range for the HbA1c level is between 4% and 5.6%. Levels between 5.7% and 6.4% is the pre-diabetic range. Levels of 6.5% or higher is diabetic range.
Time frame: 12 weeks