Dry Versus Wet Nasopharyngeal Rapid Test for the Detection of COVID-19.

Overview

Saliva sampling could serve as an alternative non-invasive sample for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis while rapid antigen testing (RAT) might help to mitigate the shortage of reagents sporadically encountered with RT-PCR. Thus, in the RESTART study the investigators compare antigen and RT-PCR testing methods on nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and salivary samples. The investigators conducted a prospective observational study among COVID-19 hospitalized patients between 10th December 2020 and 1st February 2021. Paired saliva and NP samples were investigated by RT-PCR (Cobas 6800, Roche-Switzerland) and by two rapid antigen tests: One Step Immunoassay Exdia® COVID-19 Ag (Precision Biosensor, Korea) and Standard Q® COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test (Roche-Switzerland).

In response to the growing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and shortages of laboratory based rapid molecular testing capacity and reagents on a worldwide scale, multiple manufacturers have developed rapid testing kits to use out of laboratory settings. These simple kits are based either on detection of proteins from the SARS-CoV-2 virus on respiratory samples (e.g. nasopharyngeal or throat swabs), or detection, in blood or serum, of human antibodies generated in response to infection. On 28 October 2020 the Swiss Federal Council decided that as of 2 November 2020, in addition to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, which are considered the "Gold standard" for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, it would be possible to conduct nasopharyngeal rapid antigen tests all over Switzerland, also outside licensed laboratories. In a hospital care setting rapid tests are intended to help physicians on prompt clinical management of cases with COVID-19 compatible symptoms upon admission and facilitate patient triage and flow, notably in a period marked of transition to higher incidence rates and enormous pressure on health system. This strategy was subsequently adopted by the University Hospital of Lausanne as well. Roche's SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test (which is the actual test employed by our institution) is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay intended for the qualitative detection of a specific antigen of SARS-CoV-2 present in human nasopharynx. This test is performed using a nasopharyngeal swab collected from a patient with a result available after 10-15 minutes. While the manufacturer reports very good diagnostic performances of the test, literature shows high variability of sensitivity and specificity.Rapid antigen test's diagnostic performances can be high enough to detect cases with high viral load (i.e. pre-symptomatic and early symptomatic cases up to five days from symptom onset. Because of the intense but short-lived nature of SARS-CoV-2 shedding form the upper respiratory tract, the clinical use of rapid antigen testing requires great attention to the timing of infection because testing late in the course of infection will cause an apparently low clinical sensitivity. There is a significant decline of the viral load after 5-7 days of symptoms. In order to account for this possible drawback and compensate the loss of rapid antigen test's diagnostic performance on late infection, a confirmatory RT-PCR is systematically performed by the microbiology laboratory of Lausanne University Hospital. So as to avoid multiple sampling of the same patient and accelerate time-to-final-results, a single nasopharyngeal swab is performed on each patient and soaked on a viral transport medium. From this transport medium both tests are performed (rapid antigen test and RT-PCR). This procedure, introduces a pre-dilution step (in contrast to the usual rapid antigen testing procedure using a dry nasopharyngeal swab) but is in accordance to the specifications of the manufacturers' instructions. While current literature advocates against a significant decrease of tests' analytical performances due to this strategy, there is no strong consensus regarding the influence of transport medium on viral load stability and on test's analytical and clinical sensitivity