Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and powerful analgesic. At low doses, ketamine can desensitize the central pain pathway and modulate opioid receptors. Studies have generally found that preoperative use of ketamine can reduce opioid consumption by approximately 50% and sub-anaesthetic doses of it have a rapid antidepressant effect, especially refractory depression. Studies have confirmed that esketamine, the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, has a stronger affinity for NMDA receptors, which can achieve the same effect at smaller doses. While the incidence of neuropsychiatric side effects is significantly lower. On March 4, 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved esketamine nasal spray with a new mechanism of action for the treatment of adult patients with refractory depression. Based on the analgesic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, the investigators speculate that esketamine may be effective for patients with chronic visceral pain comorbid depression. At present, the research evidence in this area is relatively lacking. Therefore, this study aims to explore the difference in the efficacy and safety of esketamine as an adjuvant therapy and positive control drug-pregabalin in patients with chronic visceral pain comorbid depression. Detailed Description: According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, select patients with chronic visceral pain comorbid depression. Filtering and grouping period: During this phase, the patient will sign an informed consent form, and then conduct a structured clinical evaluation to determine whether it meets the "depressive disorder" in the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. According to the ICD-11, determine whether the patients have chronic visceral pain. Acute treatment period: Randomize patients into the following treatment groups: intravenous administration of esketamine (3 groups, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 mg/kg)， and duloxetine is co- administered orally. Pregabalin capsules were administered combined with duloxetine orally. observation period: After 2 weeks, esketamine treatment was discontinued, and observation was continued for 2 weeks. Maintain duloxetine and pregabalin treatment.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
80
Pregabalin capsules were administered orally (75 mg, 3 times a day), combined administration of duloxetine (60-120 mg/day）.
Intravenous administration of esketamine 0.125 mg/kg （2 times per week)， combined oral administration of duloxetine (60-120 mg/day）
Intravenous administration of esketamine 0.25 mg/kg （2 times per week)， combined oral administration of duloxetine (60-120 mg/day）
Intravenous administration of esketamine 0.50 mg/kg （2 times per week)， combined oral administration of duloxetine (60-120 mg/day）
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
The pain VAS is a unidimensional measure of pain intensity, which has been widely used in diverse adult populations, including those with chronic visceral pain. The minimus value is 0 and the maximum value is 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)
The questionnaire is designed for adults and is used to rate the severity of their depression by probing mood, feelings of guilt, suicide ideation, insomnia, agitation or retardation, anxiety, weight loss, and somatic symptoms. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum value is 52. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12)
SF-12 is a 12-item, patient-reported survey of patient health, and is widely used since it produces similar results for physical and mental health scores with far less respondent burden for producing scores of overall mental and physical well-being. The SF-12 yields an eight-scale profile of scores as well as physical and mental health summary measures. Answers to questions of these subscales are combined (weighted) with Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and Mental Component Summary (MCS-12) scale scores. SF-12 scales and summary measures are scored so that a higher score indicates a better health state. After recoding raw scores for some items (BP, GH, VT, and one item from MH), the raw scores could be transformed to provide scores for eight scales, each ranging from 0 (the worst) to 100 (the best).
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA)
The HAMA is a psychological questionnaire used by clinicians to rate the severity of a patient's anxiety. The scale consists of 14 items designed to assess the severity of a patient's anxiety. Each of the 14 items contains a number of symptoms, and each group of symptoms is rated on a scale of zero to four, with four being the most severe. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum value is 56. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Changes in serum inflammatory factors
Explore the action mechanism of esketamine on patients with chronic visceral pain comorbid depression from the level of blood inflammatory factors, including cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-alpha, etc.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Calculate the time-frequency characteristics of EEG data in each frequency band (delta wave, \<4 Hz; theta wave, 4-8 Hz; alpha wave, 8-12 Hz and beta wave, 12-30 Hz) during the study period.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The regional brain activity, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values, will be computed and assessed. In addtion, the large-scale brain networks and edge-wise connections in patients will be explored based on the theory of brain networks during the study period.
Time frame: Day 0 to Day 28
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