Implant Placement Using a Newly Designed Single Drill Versus Conventional Sequential Drills

Inclusion Criteria: * The inclusion criteria : * implant recipient sites free from any pathological conditions. * Patients who were cooperative, motivated and hygiene conscious were selected. * non smoker patients * exclusion criteria : * Patients unable to undergo minor oral surgical procedures * patients with a history of drug abuse or catabolic drugs were not included. * Patients with a history of psychiatric disorder and those with unrealistic expectations about the aesthetic outcome of implant therapy were also excluded. * Patients with insufficient vertical inter-arch space, on centric occlusion, to accommodate the available restorative components . * Uncontrolled diabetic patients * Patient who had any systemic condition that may contraindicate implant therapy (impaired wound healing - bleeding disorders * patients who had any habits that might jeopardise the osseointegration process, such as heavy smoking and alcoholism. * Patients with para-functional habits that produce overload on the implant, such as bruxism and clenching were excluded.