Diltiazem Ointment With Lidocaine vs. Nifedipine Ointment With Lidocaine Ointment for Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure

Overview

Anal fissure is a common anorectal diseases characterized by tear of the anoderm from the dentate line to the anal verge leading to pain and bleeding during and post defecation. It may be a benign disease, but patients suffering from disease report significantly impacted quality of life especially when it becomes chronic. Several treatment modalities have been studied for chronic anal fissure, and topical calcium channel blockers (CCB) showed promising benefit and side effect profile in treatment of chronic anal fissure. Topical Diltiazem and Nifedipine are currently widely used CCBs for chronic anal fissure after multiple studies showing their benefits compared to different agents or modalities. To the investigators' knowledge, there is no study comparing the efficacy of topical Diltiazem and Nifedipine directly. The investigators aim to design a pragmatic randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy, and side effect profile of topical Nifedipine and Diltiazem in treatment of chronic anal fissure.

Anal fissure is a common anorectal diseases characterized by tear of the anoderm from the dentate line to the anal verge. It is a benign disease, but symptoms including stabbing pain during and post defecation, bleeding, and irritation lead to decreased quality of life. Acute anal fissure are superficial splits, and mostly heal spontaneously within 4 weeks with or without conservative management including high fibre diet and stool softeners. Chronic anal fissure is characterized by symptoms lasting longer than 2 months, and clinical findings of sentinel perianal skin tag, hypertrophied anal papilla, exposure of the underlying internal anal sphincter or anal cicatrization. The pathophysiology involves hypertonia of the internal anal sphincter leading to a reduction in mucosal blood flow, therefore poor healing tendency. Several treatment modalities have been studied for chronic anal fissure. Surgical therapy (ie. lateral internal sphincterotomy) has shown promising healing rate, but its role as first line treatment was limited by significant complications including permanent flatus or fecal incontinence. Chemical sphincterotomy was introduced as a promising first line treatment due to its safe side effect profile and comparable healing rate. Topical Nitro donor initially showed a reasonable healing rate, but it was associated with high rate of significant headache leading to early termination of the therapy. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) were then introduced to the market due to its known systemic vasodilator effect. Systemic administration of CCB is associated with various side effects including hypotension, positional hypotension, and flushing, but the topical agents were associated with minimal systemic side effects while demonstrating potent local vasodilator effect. Several randomized clinical trials have shown excellent healing rate, and safe side effect profile of both topical Diltiazem and Nifedipine. Currently, both agents are prescribed as the standard of care for first line treatment of symptomatic anal fissure. To the investigators' knowledge, there is no study comparing the efficacy of topical Diltiazem and Nifedipine directly. The investigators aim to design a pragmatic randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy, and side effect profile of topical Nifedipine and Diltiazem in treatment of chronic anal fissure. This study will be a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study involving patients with chronic anal fissure undergoing 12-week treatment course of 2% Diltiazem ointment with 1.5% lidocaine vs. 0.3% Nifedipine ointment with 1.5% lidocaine. Patients with IBD, anorectal surgery, infection, radiation, instrumentation, obstetrical injuries, or patients who are currently pregnant will be excluded. Both the surgeons and the participants will be blinded from the agent being used. The participants will be followed up in the clinic at 3 months to evaluate patient reported outcome and physical exam findings of anal fissure. Primary outcome is the anal fissure related symptoms reported by the patients upon completion of the therapy. Physical exam findings will documented and to aid in assessment of the response to the therapy, but patient reported outcome will be the most important clinical information to assess efficacy of the therapy. Secondary outcome include rate of side effects, patient compliance rate, recurrence rate, and time from cure to recurrence. Recurrence is defined by return of symptoms related to anal fissure in patients who experienced resolution of symptoms.