The Course of Acute Pancreatitis in Patients With Different BMI Groups

Overview

In obese (OB) patients, the presence of an increased inflammatory state in the body due to the increase in abdominal adipose tissue and increase in the frequency of gallstones and lipid levels are expected to increase the development of acute pancreatitis (AP). The effect of obesity on the clinical course of acute pancreatitis has much been attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the prevalence and severity of AP, as well as Balthazar tomographic scoring, differs in BMI groups (normal, overweight, obese).

Today, the incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) is gradually increasing. According to the Atlanta criteria, the presence of two of the three findings (characteristic abdominal pain starting from the epigastrium and spreading to the left upper quadrant in a belt manner from there, which is severe enough to bring the patient to the emergency room, amylase and lipase values being 3 of normal, radiological imaging being compatible with AP) is sufficient for the diagnosis. The disease has a mild course of 80% of patients and usually resolves within a week, but the course is severe enough to require intensive care treatment in 15-20% of patients. AP may have local (pseudocyst, abscess, necrosis, vascular thrombosis) and systemic (organ failure; lung, heart, gastrointestinal, and renal) complications. The frequency of obesity (OB) is also increasing in societies, according to the world health organization (WHO) data, 39% of women aged ≥18 and 39% of men were overweight in 2016 in the world. Overweight and OB are defined as excessive fat accumulation that can impair health, which is an important risk factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. While once seen only as a problem in high-income countries, overweight and OB are increasing significantly in low- and middle-income countries. Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index commonly used to classify overweight and OB in adults. It is defined by dividing a person's weight by the square of their height (kg/m2). According to WHO, if the BMI is between 25-30 kg/m2, it is considered overweight, if it is ≥30,1 kg/m2, it is considered OB. An increase in the frequency of gallstones, in lipids, and in abdominal adipose tissue in OBs are expected to increase the development of AP as the cytokine and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the body increase. In recent years, the number of publications indicating a relationship between OB and AP frequency has been increasing. Retrospectively, 1550 patients who followed up at the Gastroenterology Clinic of Bezmialem Vakif University between 10/2010 and 02/2020, aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with AP according to the Atlanta definition criteria were screened. After the exclusion of patients with incomplete data, 1334 patients were included in the study. Patients' age, gender, smoking/alcohol usage, presence of diabetes/hypertension, and etiologies that cause AP and BMI were recorded. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their BMI; * Group 1 (non-obese; normal) \[BMI ≤ 24,9 kg/m2: n: 302: 152 ♂, 150\] * Group 2 (overweight) \[BMI 25-30 kg/m2: n: 500: 262♂, 238♀\] * Group 3 (obese) \[BMI\> 30.1kg/m2: n: 532; 200♂, 332♀\]. As of laboratory tests; Leukocyte number (n: 4.5-11x100/microliter), hematocrit (n: 35.5-48%), C reactive protein (CRP) (n: 0-5mg / dl), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ( n: 9.8-20.1mg / dL), serum creatinine (n: 0.57-1.11mg / dl)\] levels. As of radiologic evaluation, Balthazar tomographic scoring; \[scores are grouped as mild (scores 0-3), moderate (scores: 4-6), severe (scores 7-10), and scores are defined as 0:normal, 1:increase in pancreatic size, 2:inflammatory changes in pancreatic tissue, and peripancreatic fatty tissue, 3:irregularly bordered, single fluid collection, 4:irregularly circumscribed 2 or more fluid collections, with various degrees of necrosis levels between 5 and 10\]. And revised Atlanta scores; A) mild AP: no organ insufficiency and local complications B) moderate AP; the presence of local complications and transient organ insufficiency (\<48h) C) severe AP: permanent organ insufficiency (\> 48h)\] Complications (0: absent 1: local complications 2: systemic complications 3: mixed serious complications/comorbid conditions 4: infectious-sepsis) Need for the interventional procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endosonography (EUS) Length of hospital stay (in days) Need for the intensive care unit hospitalization The number of AP attacks in the future after discharge was recorded. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics of the obtained data were calculated as Mean +/- (standard deviation) (SD), minimum, maximum, percentiles (25th, median, and 75th), and frequencies (count and percent), depending on the type of variables. The consistency and relationships between BMI groups, Balthazar scores, and Atlanta scores were analyzed using Kappa statistics and Kendall Tau-b statistics. The compliance of numerical properties to the normal distribution was examined using the Shapiro-Wilks test. One-Way ANOVA model, one of the univariate analyzes, was used to compare BMI groups and Atlanta score groups in terms of numerical features, significant differences were determined by the posthoc Tukey test. Relationships between categorical features and BMI groups and Atlanta scores were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-Square test. In addition, the combined effects of the measured features on exitus, ICU hospitalization status, and hospitalization time over 11 days were re-examined with multivariate logistic regression analysis, and in this analysis, the properties whose effects were not significant were removed from the model with the Backward variable selection method. Statistical significance level was accepted as P \<= 0.05 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS) (ver. 23) program was used in calculations.