Evolution of Mouth Opening After Mandibular Block

Overview

Trismus is an involuntary contracture of the masticatory muscles, blocking the opening of the jaw, first intermittent then permanent and irreducible. Trismus is the result of pain or spasm or even muscle fibrosis, due to infectious, inflammatory or tumoral involvement of the masticatory muscles. During any anesthesia, control of the patient's upper airways is a major issue. Orotracheal intubation is the gold standard. Trismus will therefore complicate this management of the airways. This trismus can prevent the realization of a classic intubation, by the inability to use a laryngoscope or video laryngoscope, in favor of awake fiberoptic intubation, a technique that causes discomfort during the procedure, then a state of post-traumatic stress. Mandibular block is increasingly used in the analgesia of mandibular surgeries thanks to the simplicity of the technique and its good efficiency. It has been described that the mandibular locoregional anesthesia made it possible to remove the trismus due to a dental infection, allowing the realization of a surgical gesture under good conditions. In addition, authors have described V3 block as a technique that could improve the safety of anesthesia in patients with acute trismus, by avoiding the need for awake nasofibroscopy intubation. One study showed that performing locoregional anesthesia of the mandibular nerve improved the mouth opening in patients with mandibular fracture. The investigators wondered if this locoregional anesthesia could also work on other types of trismus such as infectious, tumoral and osteoradionecrosis trismus. During preoperative consultation, anesthesists usually measure the mouth opening. In our study, anesthesists will also measure the mouth opening after performing locoregional anesthesia of the V3 nerve (mandibular block). In addition to the measurement made before the start of the anesthetic treatment, research provides for three other measurements of the mouth opening using a rule (millimeters), taken at different times : after sedation, after performing locoregional anesthesia and after curarization. The investigators will also collect the cause of the limited mouth opening, the duration of development. The investigators will study pain at rest and when opening the mouth, under sedation, when performing the block, then when opening the mouth after performing the block. The presence of edema next to the area of locoregional anesthesia, the type of product used for sedation and locoregional anesthesia, the intubation technique performed, as well as the difficulty experienced by the operator will be collected

The aim of this study is to avoid recourse to awake fiberoptic intubation, which causes discomfort during the procedure and post-traumatic stress disorder, in patients with a very limited mouth opening (less than 20mm) and who must undergo anesthesia general for mandibular surgery. As a reminder, the definition of limited mouth opening (MO) is a lower 35mm mouth opening, according to the Société française d'anesthésie-réanimation (SFAR) recommendations. The investigators define a very limited mouth opening as a mouth opening that does not allow a video laryngoscope blade to be inserted into the patient's mouth (less than 20mm). During preoperative consultation, anesthesists usually measure the mouth opening. In our study, anesthesists will also measure the mouth opening after performing locoregional anesthesia of the V3 nerve (mandibular block). In addition to the measurement made before the start of the anesthetic treatment, research provides for three other measurements of the mouth opening using a rule, taken at different times. The management is carried out exclusively by the investigators, the latter being anesthetists. Thus, the evaluation of the different mouth openings using a ruler (in millimeters), the evaluation of the pain using the numerical scale, the administration of sedation, the realization of loco-regional anesthesia, intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic management will be carried out by one and the same person qualified in anesthesia for maxillofacial surgery. In summary, six key steps for our study will be carried out by the anesthetist-resuscitator: 1. Initial patient assessment with assessment of pain and mouth opening (millimeters) 2. Introduction of sedation, and reassessment of pain and mouth opening (millimeters) 3. Performing a locoregional anesthesia of the V3 for analgesic purposes 4. Reassessment of pain, mouth opening (millimeters) at least 15 minutes from the block, and possibly the Mallampati score. Mallampati score is systematically noted as part of the treatment. 5. Induction of anesthesia, and reassessment of the mouth opening after curarization. 6. Assessment of the difficulty of intubation (difficulty in passing the videolaryngoscope blade, Cormack score applied to videolaryngoscopy). The anesthetist who performs the locoregional anesthesia will collect the data using the standardized questionnaire created for the study, notifying the key clinical elements of airway management that are being research within the framework of care, according to the rules of good anesthesia practice. These data, collected as part of the treatment, will be: * The cause of the limited mouth opening * The duration of development * Pain at rest and when opening the mouth, then under sedation, when performing the block, then when opening the mouth after performing the block, using the digital scale * The presence of edema next to the area of locoregional anesthesia of V3 * The type of product used for sedation and locoregional anesthesia * The mouth opening (measured in millimeters using a ruler) before any gesture then after sedation, 15 minutes from the completion of the V3 nerve block, and after curarization. * The investigators will also evaluate the evolution of the Mallampati score at the same time, as part of the treatment. * The intubation technique performed, as well as the difficulty experienced by the operator. These data will be pseudonymized.