Comparison Effectiveness of Distractions on Pain and Fear of Children

Overview

Distraction is a non-pharmacological technique that moves focus away from anxiety, discomfort or unpleasant stimulation to more stimulating or friendly stimulation. Distraction is one of the most effective, simplest and inexpensive non-pharmacological pain management methods (Hockenberry \& Wilson, 2018). The benefits of using non-pharmacological methods include decreased pain, distress, and fear reported by the parent, child, and/or observer (Wente, 2013). There are two main types of distraction techniques: active and passive (Mutlu \& Balcı, 2015; Wohlheiter \& Dahlquist, 2013). Objectives: To evaluate the roles of the TICK-B, listening music, and watching cartoon, in relieving pain and fear of school-age children during PIVC. To compare the effect of TICK-B with the effects of the listening music, and watching cartoon, on reducing pain and fear during PIVC in children. To compare the effects of three distraction groups with the control group in relieving pain and fear during PIVC.

Peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC) is an invasive technique. In this technique, a catheter is entrenched through the skin of the recipient into the lumen of a peripheral blood vein. It is the second most painful procedure performed in hospitals. Peripheral intravenous cannulation (PICV) is a common painful procedure for children, and nearly all ill children have experience with PIVC, and up to 80% of patients receive a peripheral venous cannula in a hospital. Therefore, the use of effective methods in pain and anxiety relief is very important during injection procedures in children. In order to relieve pain and fear in children undergoing PICV. Psychological and physical approaches for coping with children's pain are favored, as well as pharmacological methods. Application of topical anesthetic creams is the most commonly used pharmacological solution to reduce pain associated with the medical procedure, or refrigerant preparations, however, only reduce the perception of pain in children during procedures. These approaches are not resolved anxiety, a core factor of noncooperation, which encumbers the efficiency of the needle procedure. For this cause, non-pharmacological approaches are generally recognized as alternative techniques, which may be used separately or in addition to pharmacological approaches, to provide sufficient pain and fear relief and to offer children a sense of control over the situation.