To analyse driving behavior of individuals under the influence of alcohol using a validated research driving simulator. Based on the driving variables provided by the simulator the investigators aim at establishing algorithms capable of discriminating sober and drunk driving patterns using machine learning neural networks (deep machine learning classifiers).
Driving under the influence of alcohol (or "drunk driving") is one of the most significant causes of traffic accidents. Alcohol consumption impairs neurocognitive and psychomotor function and has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of driving accidents. Automotive technology is highly dynamic, and fully autonomous driving might, in the end, resolve the issue of alcohol impaired accidents. However, autonomous driving (level 4 or 5) is likely to be broadly available only to a substantially later time point than previously thought due to increasing concerns of safety associated with this technology. Therefore, solutions bridging the upcoming period by more rapidly and directly addressing the problem of drunk driving-associated traffic incidents are urgently needed. On the supposition that driving behaviour differs significantly between sober and drunk states, the investigators assume that different driving patterns in both states can be used to generate drunk driving detection models using machine learning neural networks (deep machine learning classifiers).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
30
Participants will drive in three different states (sober, drunk above and below the legal limit) on designated circuits using a driving simulator. After the initial sober driving session, participants are administered pre-mixed alcoholic beverages (e.g., vodka orange). Participants are expected to achieve a target BrAC of 0.35 mg/l (legal limit in Switzerland is 0.25 mg/l BrAC) before the second driving session starts. Finally, the third driving session starts when the participants' BrAC drops to 0.15 mg/l. Heart rate, skin conductance, accelerometer, eye movement, radar, facial expression, and speech will be recorded by a smart-watch, an eye-tracker, microphones and an onboard camera, respectively. Participants will be blinded to their alcohol levels during the study. They will have to rate their symptoms and their performance via questionnaires before and after each driving session. Further, capillary blood and oral fluid samples will be collected.
University of Bern
Bern, Switzerland
Accuracy of the DRIVE-model: Diagnostic accuracy of the drunk driving warning system (DRIVE) to detect drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l breath alcohol concentration (BrAC)) quantified as the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC ROC).
Accuracy of the DRIVE-model will be assessed using driving data recorded in sober and drunk driving states and driving data will be analysed using applied machine learning technology for impaired driving detection.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of velocity
Change of velocity between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of steer
Change of steer between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of brake
Change of brake between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of steer torque
Change of steer torque between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of steer speed
Change of steer speed between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
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Change of time driving over midline
Change of time over midline between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of swerving
Change of swerving between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of spinning
Change of spinning between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of gaze behavior
Change of gaze behavior (as gaze velocity, acceleration or direction changes) between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of gaze regions of interest
Change of gaze regions of interest (as amount and duration of speedometer or front shield inspections) between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of gaze events
Change of gaze events (as amount and duration of fixations or saccades) between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Defining the alcohol concentration when driving performance is decreased
Breath alcohol concentration (mg/l BrAC) when driving performance begins to be impaired will be assessed based on significantly altered driving parameters for drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), below the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Driving performance while being sober, above and within the legal limit
Based on significantly altered driving parameters above the legal limit of drunk driving (\>= 0.25 mg/l breath alcohol concentration in Switzerland) driving performance while being sober, above and within the legal limit will be assessed.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of heart-rate
Change of heart-rate between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of heart-rate variability
Change of heart-rate variability between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of wrist accelerometer
Change of wrist accelerometer recorded by a wearable between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of electrodermal activity (EDA)
Change of EDA between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of skin temperature
Change of skin temperature between drunk driving above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), driving within the legal limit (\<0.25 mg/l BrAC) and sober driving.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Change of oral fluid cortisol
Change of oral fluid cortisol between before the study day, before driving, during driving in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Change of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in capillary blood
Change of phosphatidylethanol in capillary blood between before the study day, before driving, during driving in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Change of ethylglucuronide (EtG) in capillary blood
Change of ethylglucuronide in capillary blood between before the study day, before driving, during driving in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Change of ethylsulfate (EtS) in capillary blood
Change of ethylsulfate in capillary blood between before the study day, before driving, during driving in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Change of cortisol in capillary blood
Change of cortisol in capillary blood between before the study day, before driving, during driving in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Accuracy-comparison of DRIVE-model and DRIVEplus-model
Diagnostic accuracy of the drunk driving warning system (DRIVING) to detect drunk driving (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC ROC) using only driving parameters (DRIVE-model) will be compared to the DRIVE-model with additional integration of physiological parameters (heart-rate, heart-rate variability, electrodermal activity (EDA), skin temperature, accelerometer, facial expression, gaze behavior, and radar) (DRIVEplus-model)
Time frame: 480 minutes
Diagnostic accuracy in detecting drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve using physiological data
Accuracy of drunk driving detection using physiological data (heart-rate, heart-rate variability, skin temperature, EDA, accelerometer) recorded with wearable devices during the study period will be analysed using applied machine learning technology.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Diagnostic accuracy in detecting drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC-ROC) using video data
Using video data recorded by a camera and a thermal camera accuracy in drunk driving detection will be analysed with applied machine learning technology.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Diagnostic accuracy in detecting drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC-ROC) using eye-tracking data
Using eye-tracking data recorded by a camera and an eye-tracker (to record gaze behaviour) accuracy in drunk driving detection will be analysed with applied machine learning technology.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Diagnostic accuracy in detecting drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC-ROC) using audio data
Using audio data recorded by microphones accuracy in drunk driving detection will be analysed with applied machine learning technology.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Diagnostic accuracy in detecting drunk driving (>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC) quantified as the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC-ROC) using radar sensor data
Using radar sensor data (directed on the body of the driver) accuracy in drunk driving detection will be analysed with applied machine learning technology.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Self-estimation of alcohol concentrations
Correlation between self-estimated alcohol concentrations and measured breath alcohol concentrations will be assessed.
Time frame: 480 minutes
Self-estimation of driving performance
Correlation between self-estimated driving performance and measured driving performance based on significantly altered driving parameters in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed. Driving performance will be assessed with two questionnaires. Driving performance will be assessed with on an absolute 5-point scale from 0-5 (a higher value means higher driving performance).
Time frame: 480 minutes
Self-estimation of workload
Correlation between self-estimated workload and measured driving performance based on significantly altered driving parameters in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed. Workload will be assessed an absolute 20-point scale from 0-20 (a higher value means higher workload).
Time frame: 480 minutes
Self-estimation of sleepiness levels
Correlation between self-estimated sleepiness levels, measured driving performance, and measured breath alcohol concentrations based on significantly altered driving parameters in sober state, above the legal limit (\>= 0.25 mg/l BrAC), and under the legal limit (\< 0.25 mg/l BrAC) will be assessed. Sleepiness will be assessed on an absolute 7-point scale from 0-6 (a lower value means less sleepiness).
Time frame: 480 minutes
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs)
Adverse Events will be recorded at each study visit.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Incidence of Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
Serious Adverse Events will be recorded at each study visit.
Time frame: 3 weeks