The Effects of Injection Site Cooling and Solution Buffering on Perceived Pain During Local Anesthesia Administration

Inclusion Criteria: * Provision of signed and dated informed consent form * Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures * Any gender, aged 21 - 65 * In good general health with no peripheral neuropathy or disorders that may produce peripheral neuropathy such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus * Healthy intact skin on the palmar aspect of both left and right forearms * Fluent in English Exclusion Criteria: * Current use of any medication * Pregnancy * Known allergic reactions to components of the local anesthetic such as sulfites * History of vasovagal response to venipuncture or vaccination * History of trauma to the forearms i.e., bone breaks, burns, deep lacerations * Decreased sensation to the palmar aspect of either forearm