The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a daily consumption for 2 weeks of a sourdough croissant enriched with dietary fibers vs a control sourdough croissant with no fiber added on daily energy intakes, fasting metabolic parameters, inflammatory status, blood pressure, anthropometric measures, body composition, appetite sensations, gastrointestinal functionality and gut microbiota composition.
Associations between human health, diet and gut microbiota composition and functionality have been widely highlighted by the scientific literature in this field. Evidence shows that population adopting a Western dietary model, with a reduced intake of dietary fiber, undergo an adaptation of the gut microbiota characterized by the loss of some bacterial species and a general reduction in microbial biodiversity. The national guidelines for a healthy diet suggest to include daily fruit, vegetables, whole grains and legumes (the main sources of fiber in the diet) in the habitual diet to reduce the risk of diseases and to improve health. However, the compliance with these nutritional recommendations is generally low among individuals. Therefore, the commercial availability of dietary fiber-enriched products could be advantageous. Breakfast is an important meal that should provide at least 20% of the daily calories with an adequate supply of all nutrients. Having fiber-enriched foods for breakfast could bring numerous nutritional benefits and if they are made with sourdough may be even better. Indeed, sourdough leavened baked products provide compounds with potential prebiotic activity, reduce the glucose and insulin response, increase satiety and reduce gastro-intestinal disorders upon consumption. The hypothesis is that the combination of sourdough and dietary fiber in baked products could further ameliorate glucose metabolism in consumers compared to sourdough products. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a daily consumption at breakfast for 2 weeks of a sourdough croissant enriched with dietary fibers from 10 different sources vs a sourdough croissant with no fiber added (control) on daily energy intakes, metabolic and inflammatory status, appetite feelings, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, body composition, blood pressure, gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal functionality in healthy subjects.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
32
Subjects will consume for 2 weeks at breakfast a fiber-enriched sourdough croissant. All subjects will be requested not to change other dietary habits and their physical activity during the 2 week intervention period.
Subjects will consume for 2 weeks at breakfast a sourdough croissant. All subjects will be requested not to change other dietary habits and their physical activity during the 2 week intervention period.
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federico II University
Portici, Italy
Variation of daily energy intakes
Calculation of total daily energy intakes based on 7 days food records
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in fasting plasma inflammatory markers
Measure of plasma C-reactive protein (mmol/L)
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in fasting plasma lipids
Measure of plasma concentrations (mg/dL) of Total-, LDL-, and HDL-Cholesterol, as well as Triglycerides
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in fasting blood glucose
Measure of blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL)
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of serum Insulin hormone concentration
Measure of serum Insulin concentrations (mg/dL)
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of plasma endocannabinoids and N-acyl-ethanolamines concentration
Measure of plasma endocannabinoids and N-acyl-ethanolamines concentrations (mg/dL)
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of serum dipeptidyl-dipeptidase-IV activity
Measure of serum dipeptidyl-dipeptidase-IV (U/L) activity
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of urinary excretion levels of polyphenols
Measure of polyphenols concentration in urine by mean of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)
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Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of urinary excretion levels of urolithins
Measure of urolithins concentration in urine by mean of LC/MS/MS
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in stool consistency
Measure of consistency of feces by mean of King's stool chart filled out by subjects. The chart comprises four categories of stool consistency: hard and formed, soft and formed, loose and unformed, liquid.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in stool weight
Measure of stool weight by mean of King's stool chart filled out by subjects. The chart comprises three categories of stool weight : \<100 g, 100-200 g, \>200 g.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in stool frequency
Measure of frequency of feces by mean of King's stool chart filled out by subjects. Fecal frequency is incorporated by recording the code of each feces passed over a 24 hour period.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in gastrointestinal functionality
Calculation of daily fecal score from summation of all scores for stool consistency, weight and frequency obtained from King's stool chart filled out by subjects. Scores are weighted such that an increase in fecal frequency alone results in a higher score than a change in fecal consistency alone, which in turn results in a higher score than an increase in fecal weight alone. Diarrhea is classified by a daily fecal score of 15 or more.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in faecal microbiome
The composition of faecal microbiome will be determined by high throughput sequencing of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid 16S (16S rRNA) gene. The massive number of sequences obtained will be analyzed by using state of the art bioinformatics tools and the presence and relative abundance of the microbial species occurring in each sample will be determined.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in body weight
Measure of body weight in fasting subjects
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in body mass index
Calculation of body mass index by using the formula weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in waist circumference
Measure of waist circumference at the midpoint between the lower margin of the least palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in hip circumference
Measure of hip circumference around the widest portion of the buttocks.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in blood pressure
Measure of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) by using a digital sphygmomanometer
Time frame: 2 weeks
Changes in body composition
Body composition is determined by conventional bioelectrical impedance analysis with a single-frequency 50 kilohertz (kHz) bioelectrical impedance analyzer in the postabsorptive state (fasting subjects) and after being in the supine position for 20 min. Body composition data will be calculated from bioelectrical measurements and anthropometric data by using validated predictive equations.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of hunger feeling scores
Measures of hunger sensation over the day reported by subjects by using hunger Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) 0-10 centimeters (where 0 corresponds to the lowest and 10 to the highest feeling the individual could perceive). Changes in these scores may reflect potential effects of dietary intervention in modulating hunger.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of fullness feeling scores
Measure of fullness sensation over the day reported by subjects by using fullness Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) 0-10 centimeters (where 0 corresponds to the lowest and 10 to the highest feeling the individual could perceive). Changes in these scores may reflect potential effects of dietary intervention in modulating fullness.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Variation of satiety feeling scores
Measure of satiety sensation over the day reported by subjects by using satiety Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) 0-10 centimeters (where 0 corresponds to the lowest and 10 to the highest feeling the individual could perceive). Changes in these scores may reflect potential effects of dietary intervention in modulating satiety.
Time frame: 2 weeks