This project will use a longitudinal design with assessments at baseline (T1), post-treatment (T2), 3 month post-partum (T3), 1 year postpartum (T4) and 3.5-5 years postpartum to examine whether the PMEP improves participants': a) mental health (depression, PTSD) and resilience, b) parenting skills, c) birth, infant, and toddler developmental outcomes, and d) lowers re-victimization rates. We hypothesize significantly improved outcomes in the intervention group compared to the control group at post-treatment and at all follow-ups. The pilot will use a quasi-randomized design, with participants assigned to alternating treatment and control blocks. Analyses will be conducted using intent to treat and per protocol methods. Following group assignment, all women will be scheduled for a baseline interview at a time convenient for the participant. Participant interviews will take approximately 1.5 hours. Mothers will be compensated with a gift card in the amount of 40 USD for each interview. In addition to the core evaluation metrics, mothers' demographic information will be obtained (age, relationship status, employment, education, number of children, income). Following the baseline interview, the PMEP will be provided to the treatment group; participants will receive 2-hours of contact time per week for 5 weeks (2-hour sessions, held once weekly). Women will receive reminder calls the day of each session to identify and resolve any barriers to attendance (e.g., transportation). Taxi fare will be supported for women who are unable to obtain transportation if the bus is not feasible. Following the completion of the PMEP groups or - for the control group - after 5-6 weeks has passed, all participants will complete a second interview. This interview will include all of the core measures of hypothesized treatment change, thereby permitting a comparison between women in the treatment and control groups over time. All women will be invited in a third time when their infant is 3 months old and again when their infant is 1 year of age to evaluate parenting and infant outcomes. Women will participate in a brief phone assessment when their children are between 3.5 and 5 years of age that includes all primary study outcomes.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
137
The first session introduces women to the group, seeks to build an alliance and sense of group cohesion, and provides safety planning. The second session addresses intergenerational patterns of violence and how such violence contributes to psychopathology in both the prenatal and postnatal period, focusing on violence prevention. Information regarding cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, and coping styles is provided in session three, as well as the role of healthy relationships and social supports in promoting resilience. This session begins with discussion on health in pregnancy, labor/delivery, and coordinating care across providers. This session also provides psychoeducation related to post-delivery parenting, including infant safety, care and breastfeeding. In the final session, group leaders assist mothers with identification, sensitivity, and responsiveness to infant cues.
University of NotreDame
Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee, United States
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Depression
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Depression
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Depression
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Depression
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Posttraumatic Stress
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
PTSD Checklist - 5
Posttraumatic Stress
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Posttraumatic Stress
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Posttraumatic Stress
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Resilience
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Resilience
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Resilience
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Resilience
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Intimate Partner Violence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Intimate Partner Violence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Intimate Partner Violence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Intimate Partner Violence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Parenting Attitudes
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Parenting Attitudes
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Parenting Attitudes
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Parenting Attitudes
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Parenting Confidence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Parenting Confidence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Parenting Confidence
Time frame: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Pregnancy Risk and Monitoring System (PRAMS)
Labor, Delivery and Breastfeeding
Time frame: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Pregnancy Risk and Monitoring System (PRAMS)
Labor, Delivery and Breastfeeding
Time frame: Differences between groups at 12 months postpartum
Infant Development
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Time frame: Difference between groups at 12 months post partum
Infant Development
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Time frame: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Infant Behavior Questionnaire
Infant Temperament
Time frame: Differences between groups at 12 months post partum
Maternal Sensitivity and Infant Affect Regulation
Coded free play data
Time frame: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Maternal Sensitivity and Infant Affect Regulation
Coded free play data
Time frame: Differences between groups at 12 months postpartum
Lubben Social Network Scale
Social Support
Time frame: Change from baseline to posttest (5-6 weeks later)
Lubben Social Network Scale
Social Support
Time frame: Change from baseline to 3 months postpartum
Lubben Social Network Scale
Social Support
Time frame: Change from baseline to posttest 12 months postpartum
Lubben Social Network Scale
Social Support
Time frame: Change from baseline to posttest 3.5-5 years postpartum
Rotter Locus of Control Scale
Locus of Control
Time frame: Change from baseline to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Rotter Locus of Control Scale
Locus of Control
Time frame: Change from baseline to 3 months postpartum
Rotter Locus of Control Scale
Locus of Control
Time frame: Change from baseline to 12 months postpartum
Child behavior checklist
Child adjustment
Time frame: 3.5-5 years postpartum
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