The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of 100% orange juice on short-term food intake (FI), satiety, post-prandial glycemia and mood in healthy adults. We hypothesize that the consumption of 100% orange juice in the pre-meal environment will improve satiety signals and mood, and suppress FI through its effect on post-prandial glycemia.
A randomized within-subjects repeated measures design will be employed. Study visits will take place in the morning, separated one-week apart. At each session, participants will consume one of three treatments: 1) 100% orange juice; 2) orange flavoured drink; or 3) water. Glycemic response will be measured for 60 minutes (baseline (0 minutes), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes) post-treatment via finger prick. Blood glucose measures will also be provided over 24 hours via a Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device. Subjective appetite, emotions and mood will be measured for 90 minutes min (baseline (0 minutes), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes) post-treatment. At 60 minutes, participants will consume an ad libitum pizza lunch to evaluate food intake. After lunch, participants will be sent home with a rest-of-the-day food intake sheet to record their snacks, meals, and beverages, as well as a physical activity log to record their physical activity for the rest of the day following test session completion.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
36
Matched for volume (240 mL/ 8 oz) of other test beverages. 100% orange juice.
Matched for volume (240 mL/ 8 oz) of other test beverages. Orange flavoured drink
Matched for volume (240 mL/ 8 oz) of other test beverages. Water control
Centre for Urban Innovation (CUI-109), School of Nutrition, Ryerson University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Change from baseline glycemic response (acute phase)
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Three drops of blood from the finger will be collected at each time point using a single-use, auto-disabling lancet device and sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate capillary blood collection tubes. Blood glucose will be measured using a YSI 2900D Biochemistry Analyzer (YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH).
Time frame: Collected at baseline (0 minutes), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes post-treatment consumption
Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations will be determined using a Dexcom G6 CGM system.
Time frame: Continuous measurements for 24 hours post-treatment consumption
Ad libitum food intake
Lunch pizza meal. Food intake will be determined by weighing the meal before and after serving. The net weight of the test meal will be converted to calories.
Time frame: At 60 minutes post-treatment consumption
Change from baseline subjective appetite
Measured using visual analogue scales (VAS). Each VAS is a 100 mm line where they will place a pencil mark to describe their feelings. Questions will include desire to eat, fullness, hunger, and prospective food consumption. Individual questions will be used to form a composite score.
Time frame: Collected at baseline (0 minutes), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes post-treatment consumption
Change from baseline subjective emotions and mood
Measured using visual analogue scales. Each VAS is a 100 mm line where they will place a pencil mark to describe their feelings. Questions will measure aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, frustration, alertness, sadness, tension, effort, happiness, weariness, calmness, sleepiness, and wellness. Individual questions will be used to form a composite score.
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Time frame: Collected at baseline (0 minutes), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes post-treatment consumption
Rest-of-the-day food intake
Participants will be sent home with a rest-of-the-day food intake recall sheet to record their snacks, meals, and beverages. Rest of day food log
Time frame: For the rest of the day following test session completion (1 day)
Rest-of-the-day physical activity
Participants will be sent home with a rest-of-the-day physical activity recall sheet to record any activities performed. Physical activity questionnaire
Time frame: For the rest of the day following test session completion (1 day)