Separation Versus Integrated Approach in Combining ECMO With CRRT

ECMO patients \>18 years old who met the KDIGO criteria for acute kidney injury and required continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Refractory acidosis, defined as pH \< 7.2 or serum bicarbonate (HCO₃-) \< 15 mmol/L 2. Refractory volume overload 3. Refractory hyperkalemia, defined as serum potassium (K⁺) \> 6.2 mEq/L or presence of electrocardiographic changes 4. Anuria or oliguria, defined as urine output \< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6-12 hours 5. Elevated BUN \>100 mg/dL or presence of uremic symptoms Increased intracranial pressure Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pregnancy 2. Heparin contraindication 3. Chronic kidney disease with CRRT 4. AKI with Glomerulonephritis, Interstitial nephritis, Vassculitis or Urinary tract obstruction