Comparison of the Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Using Either Insulin or Oral Antidiabetic Drug In Terms Of Difficult Laryngoscopy

Overview

Diabetes Mellitus is known to be a risk factor for difficult laryngoscopy. Several studies showed that diabetes mellitus is responsible for 30% of difficult laryngoscopy.Insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs are two main current medication prescribed for diabetes patients.Insulin is responsible for muscle hypertrophy and weigh gain.Oral antidiabetic drugs induces muscle atrophy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in the difficult laryngoscopy as a general anesthetic component in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) using either insulin or oral antidiabetic drug (OAD).

DM is accepted as a risk factor for difficult intubation.OAD and insulin are two main pharmacological treatment component of DM.Insulin induces respiratory smooth muscle contraction.Otherwise, OAD drugs ca affect muscle atrophy in patients with type II DM patients.The use of these drugs may affect laryngoscopy during endotracheal intubation,which is a component of general anesthesia.Metformin causes muscle atrophy and weight loss.Some in vitro studies have shown an induction of cell apoptosis with therapeutic doses of sulfonylureas which can lead to atrophy.Glinides can cause atrophy in experimental animals.Hypoglycemia and weight gain are two important side effects of intensive insulin therapy.İnsulin is the major anabolic hormone in the body. Insulin binds to receptors on adipose tissues and potentiate inhibition of lypolysis and storage of triglycerids.And this cause obesity.This is one of the reasons that suggest the relationship between insulin and difficult airway.The effect of insulin on airway smooth muscle leads to increased airway contraction,cell proliferation,and the thicker,stiffer and more hypercontractile airway.In some studies,type II DM patients with duration of more than 5 years switched to insulin therapy and airway hypersensitivity was observed in the first three months.Insulin plays an anabolic role in skeletal muscle by enhancing amino acids transport in skeletal muscle and by increasing the rate of protein synthesis.İnsulin induces air way smooth muscle contraction through the production of contractile prostaglandins, which in turn are dependent on Rho-kinase for their contractile effects.Prostaglandins also stimulate IL-6 and MuRF-1 transcription in human skeletal muscles.Prostaglandin regulates skeletal muscle mass and function.Therefore,insulin may cause airway skeletal muscle contraction and may be the reason of difficult laryngoscopy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in the difficult laryngoscopy as a general anesthetic component in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) using either insulin or oral antidiabetic drug (OAD). METHODS After the approval of the local ethics committee of our hospital, a study was planned for a total of 230 patients including Type I and Type II DM patients and non-DM patients as a control group who would undergo elective surgery between 25.01.2020-30.04.2020.Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Mallampati scores, thyromental distance (TMD), sternomental distance (SMD), inter-incisor distance (ID) and neck extension measurements were taken.Preoperative HbA1C levels, DM type, diagnosis time and duration of insulin or OAD use were recorded.Patients without DM, patients using insulin and patients using OAD were grouped as group C, group I and group D, respectively.DM patients were planned to be operated as first patient in the morning.50 mg of ranitidine,10 mg of metoclopramide and 1 gr of cefazolin for surgical prophylaxis were administered intravenously 30 minutes before anthesia induction.Patients were preoxygenated with 100% O2 for 3 minutes.As diabetes mellitus patients are under high risk of aspiration due to gastroparesis,we applied rapid sequence induction technique.1 mcg/kg fentanyl citrate,2 mg/kg propofol,1mg/kg rocuronium bromide were given intravenously according to patient's adjusted body weight.After low tidal volume ventilation with face mask,the trachea was intubated by using DL (Macintosh laryngoscope).During intubation, the following data were documented:Cormack-Lehane grade, number of laryngoscopic attempts, intubation time, intubation success at the first attempt, performance of backward-upward-rightward pressure (BURP) maneuver and requirement of use of different airway equipments were compared between the groups. Adverse events related to tracheal intubation were evaluated: desaturation (SPO2\<94), hypercabia (ETCO2\>35), hypertension (mean arterial pressure \>20% above baseline values), tachycardia (heart rate \>20% above baseline values), new onset arrhythmia, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, airway trauma and sore throat in PACU). The primary outcome measures are mallampati score,thyromental distance,Cormack-Lehane grade and the time to intubation,secondary outcome measures are first-attempt intubation success,number of laryngoscopic attempts,performance of backward-upward-rightward pressure (BURP) maneuver and requirement of use of different airway equipments.