Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health problem of great concern, especially multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In recent years some new antibiotics targeting these bacteria have been developed. The aim of this study is to investigate how these new antibiotics are used in Sweden. Information will be collected on patients, types of infections, dosing strategies, treatment outcome and occurrence of antibiotic resistance during treatment. The overall goal is to increase the knowledge about how these antibiotics are prescribed and how to optimize the use of them in clinical practice.
Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is one of the greatest threats facing human health today. Multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria constitutes the biggest challenges and particularly carbapenem-resistant bacteria, against which available treatment options usually are very limited and the mortality is high (\>50%) in severly ill patients. In recent years some new antibiotics have been developed with in-vitro effect against those bacteria. Still, clinical data regarding those antibiotics are limited and resistance development has been reported. Combination therapy with two or more antibiotics are often used to treat multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and are sometimes applied also with the newer drugs. Combination therapy is supported mainly by in vitro studies rather than clinical evidence. More research is needed to investigate which antibiotic combinations has the biggest potential. The main objective of this study is to assess current use of the following antibiotics in Swedish university hospitals: cefiderocol, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, fosfomycin, meropenem-vaborbactam and imipenem-relebactam. Following informed consent, all patients treated with any of the study drugs at one of the seven university hospitals in Sweden can be included in the study. Guardian approval is needed to include study participants \<15 years of age. Besides routine testing with biomarkers and cultures within clinical practice, bacterial cultures will be taken seven days after start of treatment with the study drug, from the sample site where the infecting pathogen was first identified (e.g., blood, wound, nasopharynx, urine), to assess microbiological cure. Screening for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in feces will also be conducted with screening cultures seven days after initiated therapy with study drug to detect emergence of resistance in the intestinal microbiota. The cultures will be analyzed at the local clinical microbiology departments. Information on patient characteristics (age, gender, comorbidity etc.), site of infection, infecting pathogen and associated resistance profile, severity of infection, choice of treatment (drug, dose, treatment duration and eventual antibiotic combination therapy) will be obtained from the electronical medical records. Further treatment outcome including mortality, treatment failure, increasing need of intensive care, duration of hospitalization, suspected side effects and occurrence of Clostridioides difficile enteritis will also be extracted. The follow-up period is 30 days. Patient names and personal identification numbers will be replaced by a number. Personal data will be stored at the Department of infectious diseases, at respective hospital where the study participant has been included. Only the responsible researchers will have access to the code key and be able to link personal information to the individual participants. All information will be handled in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and all analyses and presentation of data will be performed using anonymous data. To determine antibiotic resistance profiles of the infecting pathogens, bacterial isolates will be sent to the reference laboratory at Uppsala University. The strains will be characterized with phenotypical methods for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination (e.g., microdilution, agar dilution) as well as genetical testing with whole-genome sequencing determining the presence of resistance genes and genetic mutations (e.g., production of beta lactamases, porin loss and efflux). In case of repeated growth of the same bacterial species in clinical or screening samples seven days from start of treatment, the two strains (prior and post treatment start of study drug) will be compared by MIC determination and whole-genome sequencing to detect emergence of antibiotic resistance during treatment. Finally, the isolates will undergo in-vitro testing at the reference laboratory at Uppsala University, where the efficacy of different antibiotic combinations will be investigated with multiple in vitro methods including automated time-lapse microscopy and bacterial time-kill experiments with static and dynamic antibiotic concentrations. Bacterial killing, bacterial growth and selection of resistant subpopulations will be determined.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
41
Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Gothenburg, Sweden
Linköping University Hospital
Linköping, Sweden
Skåne University Hospital
Lund, Sweden
Örebro University Hospital
Örebro, Sweden
Clinical cure
Defined as discontinuation of the study drug following clinical or laboratory improvement with regard to the treated infection. Information on this will be extracted from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Microbiological cure
Defined as negative follow-up clinical cultures sampled seven days from start of treatment with the study drug. Information on this will be extracted from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
All-cause mortality
Defined as death within 30 days from start of treatment with the study drug. Information on this will be extracted from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Severity of illness
The severity of illness will be assessed with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, which is a scoring system used in the assessment of acute morbidity in a range of critical illnesses. The SOFA-score allows for calculation of both the number and the severity of organ dysfunction in six organ systems (respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic) and assigns a score based on the data obtained in each category. The higher the SOFA score, the higher the likely mortality. The requested information to calculate the score for each participant will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Indication for treatment
The type of infection will be obtained from the electronical medical records. The clinical assessment of infection type will be based on clinical symptoms and the sample site of cultures where the infecting bacteria was identified (e.g., blood, wound, nasopharynx, urine).
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
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Karolinska University Hospital
Stockholm, Sweden
Umeå University Hospital
Umeå, Sweden
Uppsala University Hospital
Uppsala, Sweden
Use of antibiotic combination therapy
Information on any concomitant antibiotic treatment used in combination with the study drug will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Microbiological results
Results from routine microbiological analyses (bacterial species, antibiotic susceptibility) of infecting bacteria will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Treatment failure
Defined as change of antibiotic treatment against infecting bacteria because of treatment failure with the study drug as documented by the treating physician. Information on this will be extracted from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Colonization with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in feces
Screening of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in fecal samples will be performed seven days after start of treatment with the study drug to detect emergence of antibiotic resistance in the intestinal microbiota. Information on screening results will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Mortality attributable to infection
Defined as death within 30 days from start of treatment with the study drug where the cause of mortality is determined to be the infection treated with the study drug, as documented by the treating physician. Information on this will be extracted from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Readmissions within 30 days
Information on readmissions within 30 days from start of treatment with the study drug will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Documented side effects
Information on suspected side effects associated with treatment with the study drug will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Occurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection
Information on confirmed Clostridioides difficile infection within 30 days from start of treatment with the study drug will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 30 days from enrollment
Duration of hospitalization
Information on number of hospital days will be obtained from the electronical medical records.
Time frame: 1 year from enrollment
Use of study drug in relation to the approved indications
Indication for the prescribed study drug (secondary outcome measure no. 2) will be compared to the approved indications for the respective study drug according to the summary of product characteristics (SPC).
Time frame: 1 year from enrollment
Dosing of study drug in relation to recommendations
Dosing of the study drug, extracted from the electronical medical records, will be compared to the approved dosing according to the summary of product characteristics (SPC).
Time frame: 1 year from enrollment
Phenotypic characterization of isolated bacteria
Isolated bacteria will be collected from the local microbiological laboratories for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination with phenotypical methods (e.g., microdilution, agar dilution) at the reference laboratory at Uppsala University.
Time frame: 1 year from enrollment
Genotypic characterization of isolated bacteria
Isolated bacteria will be collected from the local microbiological laboratories for genotypic characterization by whole-genome sequencing to determine the presence of resistance genes and mutations (e.g., production of beta-lactamases, porin loss and efflux) at the reference laboratory at Uppsala University.
Time frame: 1 year from enrollment
Emergence of antibiotic resistance
In case of repeated growth of the same bacterial species in clinical or screening samples seven days from start of treatment, the two isolates (prior and post treatment start with study drug) will be compared by MIC determination and whole-genome sequencing at the reference laboratory at Uppsala University regarding resistance genes and mutations to detect resistance development during treatment.
Time frame: 2 years from enrollment