The proposed longitudinal project aims to understand parental influences on children's sleep and will investigate the effect of sleep-related parental factors - (1) parents' value of their children's sleep relative to other activities, (2) parental involvement in setting children's sleep habits and enforcing good sleep hygiene, and (3) parent's own sleep habits - on school-age children's sleep, mental health, socio-emotional resilience, and academic/cognitive performance. It will also investigate the impact of social economic status on these sleep -related parental factors.
Parents can influence their children's sleep in various ways. However, existing studies on parental factors of school-aged children's sleep have seldom moved beyond sleep hygiene and the relationships between parent and child's sleep patterns. A potential factor that has been overlooked is parents' value of their children's sleep - whether they value their children's sleep and prioritise it over other activities, e.g. studying or watching TV. Another variable to consider is the social economic status (SES) of the household, which can influence these parental factors. The proposed longitudinal project will investigate the impact of SES on several sleep-related parental factors and the effects these parental factors have on children's sleep, mental health, socio-emotional resilience, and academic/cognitive performance. The project will involve school-age children in Singapore (baseline age: 7-12 years) at two time points, time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2), one year apart. At each timepoint, children's sleep will be assessed with actigraphy for 1 school week. This will be followed by a lab visit during which sleep-related parental factors, as well as the children's sleep, academic and cognitive performance, socio-emotional resilience, and mental health will be assessed. Lab visits will be scheduled at the end of the school week in the morning and early afternoon so that neurobehavioural functions can be captured during typical school hours. Investigators hypothesise that parents from low SES households will value their child's sleep less, and therefore, allow their child to trade a larger amount of sleep for other activities. Parents from low SES households will also enforce good sleep hygiene less, and sleep less themselves. Children from low SES households will thus have shorter sleep duration, more sleep disturbance, poorer mental health, poorer socio-emotional resilience, and poorer academic and cognitive performance.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
104
National University of Singapore
Singapore, Singapore
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for studying on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for studying (including homework and tuition) on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for studying on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for studying (including homework and tuition) on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for studying on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for studying (including homework and tuition) on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for studying on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for studying (including homework and tuition) on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for co-/extra-curricular activities on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for interacting face to face with family / friends on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for social media on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for social media on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for social media on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for social media on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for social media on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for social media on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for social media on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for social media on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for gaming on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for gaming on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for gaming on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for gaming on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for gaming on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for gaming on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for gaming on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for gaming on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for watching TV / videos on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for watching TV / videos on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for watching TV / videos on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for watching TV / videos on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for watching TV / videos on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for watching TV / videos on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for watching TV / videos on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for watching TV / videos on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for other activities (non-listed) on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for other activities (not already listed above) on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for other activities (non-listed) on weekdays
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for other activities (not already listed above) on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for other activities (non-listed) on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for other activities (not already listed above) on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Number of minutes of sleep allowed to be traded for other activities (non-listed) on weekends
Parents will indicate the number of minutes they allow their child to sleep less in exchange for more time for other activities (not already listed above) on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Parent-set bedtime on weekdays
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own bedtimes on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Parent-set bedtime on weekdays
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own bedtimes on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Parent-set bedtime on weekends
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own bedtimes on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Parent-set bedtime on weekends
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own bedtimes on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Parent-set wake time on weekdays
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own wake times on weekdays
Time frame: At year 1
Parent-set wake time on weekdays
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own wake times on weekdays
Time frame: At year 2
Parent-set wake time on weekends
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own wake times on weekends
Time frame: At year 1
Parent-set wake time on weekends
Parents will indicate whether they allow their children to decide their own wake times on weekends
Time frame: At year 2
Child's usage of electronic device 1 hour before bedtime
Parents will indicate whether their child uses any electronic device 1 hour before going to bed
Time frame: At year 1
Child's usage of electronic device 1 hour before bedtime
Parents will indicate whether their child uses any electronic device 1 hour before going to bed
Time frame: At year 2
Noise during child's sleep time
Questions include: Is your home noisy during his/her sleep time? (Not noisy, A little noisy, Noisy) Does your child take his/her phone into the bedroom close to bed time? (Yes, No, N.A) Does your child put his/her phone on silent mode or switch it off before going to bed? (Yes, No, N.A.)
Time frame: At year 1
Noise during child's sleep time
Questions include: Is your home noisy during his/her sleep time? (Not noisy, A little noisy, Noisy) Does your child take his/her phone into the bedroom close to bed time? (Yes, No, N.A) Does your child put his/her phone on silent mode or switch it off before going to bed? (Yes, No, N.A.)
Time frame: At year 2
Temperature in the bedroom during child's sleep time
Questions include: Is any of the following cooling devices used in his/her room during his/her sleep time? (Air conditioner, Electric fan, Both air conditioner and electric fan, Neither air conditioner nor electric fan) What is the average temperature of his/her room during his/her sleep time? (°C)
Time frame: At year 1
Temperature in the bedroom during child's sleep time
Questions include: Is any of the following cooling devices used in his/her room during his/her sleep time? (Air conditioner, Electric fan, Both air conditioner and electric fan, Neither air conditioner nor electric fan) What is the average temperature of his/her room during his/her sleep time? (°C)
Time frame: At year 2
Darkness of the bedroom during child's sleep time
Questions include: How dark is his/her room during his/her sleep time? (1. Very bright, 2. Moderately bright, 3. Average, 4. Moderately dark, 5. Entirely or almost entirely dark) If your child's bedroom is not completely dark during bedtime, what are the types of light source that are present in his/her bedroom? (The bedroom is completely dark, Room light / Nightlight, Light from another room inside the house, Light from outside the house)
Time frame: At year 1
Darkness of the bedroom during child's sleep time
Questions include: How dark is his/her room during his/her sleep time? (1. Very bright, 2. Moderately bright, 3. Average, 4. Moderately dark, 5. Entirely or almost entirely dark) If your child's bedroom is not completely dark during bedtime, what are the types of light source that are present in his/her bedroom? (The bedroom is completely dark, Room light / Nightlight, Light from another room inside the house, Light from outside the house)
Time frame: At year 2
Child's daily caffeine consumption
Parents will indicate the average amount of caffeine their child typically consumes each day.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's daily caffeine consumption
Parents will indicate the average amount of caffeine their child typically consumes each day.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' work schedule assessed by what time parent's leave for work
Parents will report the time they usually leave the house for work.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' work schedule assessed by what time parent's leave for work
Parents will report the time they usually leave the house for work.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' work schedule assessed by what time parent's reach home
Parents will report the time they usually reach home after work.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' work schedule assessed by what time parent's reach home
Parents will report the time they usually reach home after work.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' bedtime on weekdays
Parents will report the time they usually go to bed on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' bedtime on weekdays
Parents will report the time they usually go to bed on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' bedtime on weekends
Parents will report the time they usually go to bed on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' bedtime on weekends
Parents will report the time they usually go to bed on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' wake time on weekdays
Parents will report the time they usually wake up on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' wake time on weekdays
Parents will report the time they usually wake up on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' wake time on weekends
Parents will report the time they usually wake up on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' wake time on weekends
Parents will report the time they usually wake up on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' sleep duration on weekdays
Parents will report their usual sleep duration on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' sleep duration on weekdays
Parents will report their usual sleep duration on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' sleep duration on weekends
Parents will report their usual sleep duration on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' sleep duration on weekends
Parents will report their usual sleep duration on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's time in bed as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's time in bed as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's total sleep time as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's total sleep time as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's sleep efficiency as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's sleep efficiency as measured by actigraphy
Participants will wear an actiwatch (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) around the wrist of their non-dominant hand for one week during school term. Data will be collected at 30-second resolution.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's subjective sleep quality
Participants will report their subjective sleep quality using an item modified from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - "How would you rate the quality of your sleep last night?" ("Very good" / "Fairly good" / "Fairly bad" / "Very bad").
Time frame: At year 1
Child's subjective sleep quality
Participants will report their subjective sleep quality using an item modified from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - "How would you rate the quality of your sleep last night?" ("Very good" / "Fairly good" / "Fairly bad" / "Very bad").
Time frame: At year 2
Child's bedtime on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual bedtime on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's bedtime on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual bedtime on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's bedtime on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual bedtime on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's bedtime on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual bedtime on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's wake time on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual wake time on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's wake time on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual wake time on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's wake time on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual wake time on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's wake time on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual wake time on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's sleep duration on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual sleep duration on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's sleep duration on weekdays as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual sleep duration on weekdays.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's sleep duration on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual sleep duration on weekends.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's sleep duration on weekends as reported by parents
Parents will report their child's usual sleep duration on weekends.
Time frame: At year 2
Frequency of child's sleep-related problems
The sum of the reported frequency (0 = never; 1 = \< 1 time per month, 2 = 1-2 times per month, 3 = 1-2 times per week, 4 = ≥ 3 times per week) at which their child experiences various sleep-related problems. Statements/questions include: Difficulty falling asleep; Anxious or afraid when falling asleep; Repetitive rocking movements or head banging while falling asleep; Startled or jerky movements of body parts while asleep; Sweating frequently during the night; Sudden awakening during sleep; Breathing difficulty during sleep; Mouth breathing during sleep; Breath holding or pausing during sleep; Lips turning blue while asleep; Frequent position changes while asleep Sleeping in prone position with buttocks up and neck extended; Teeth grinding during sleep; Bed wetting during sleep; Sleep talking; Nightmares; Waking up in the early morning and unable to fall back asleep; Dry mouth in the morning; Did he/she have any other sleep problems?
Time frame: At year 1
Frequency of child's sleep-related problems
The sum of the reported frequency (0 = never; 1 = \< 1 time per month, 2 = 1-2 times per month, 3 = 1-2 times per week, 4 = ≥ 3 times per week) at which their child experiences various sleep-related problems. Statements/questions include: Difficulty falling asleep; Anxious or afraid when falling asleep; Repetitive rocking movements or head banging while falling asleep; Startled or jerky movements of body parts while asleep; Sweating frequently during the night; Sudden awakening during sleep; Breathing difficulty during sleep; Mouth breathing during sleep; Breath holding or pausing during sleep; Lips turning blue while asleep; Frequent position changes while asleep Sleeping in prone position with buttocks up and neck extended; Teeth grinding during sleep; Bed wetting during sleep; Sleep talking; Nightmares; Waking up in the early morning and unable to fall back asleep; Dry mouth in the morning; Did he/she have any other sleep problems?
Time frame: At year 2
Sustained attention assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Number of attention lapses (\>500ms)
Time frame: At year 1
Sustained attention assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Number of attention lapses (\>500ms)
Time frame: At year 2
Median reaction time assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Median reaction time
Time frame: At year 1
Median reaction time assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Median reaction time
Time frame: At year 2
Standard deviation of reaction time assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Standard deviation of reaction time
Time frame: At year 1
Standard deviation of reaction time assessed with the 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Standard deviation of reaction time
Time frame: At year 2
Child's academic performance
Parents will respond to two questions: "how well do you feel your child is performing at school" and "combining across all subjects, what is your child's typical overall grade in school".
Time frame: At year 1
Child's academic performance
Parents will respond to two questions: "how well do you feel your child is performing at school" and "combining across all subjects, what is your child's typical overall grade in school".
Time frame: At year 2
Child's daytime sleepiness
Child's daytime sleepiness will be indicated by the total score of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's daytime sleepiness
Child's daytime sleepiness will be indicated by the total score of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to accept responsibility and to regulate his/her emotion
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to accept responsibility and to regulate his/her emotion
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to make friends
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to make friends
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to empathise
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's socio-emotional resilience assessed by the child's ability to empathise
Parents will fill in the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales-Parent form (SEARS-P), which consists of 39 items. The total score of each subscale will be used to respectively indicate the child's ability to regulate his / her emotion and accept responsibility, make friends, and empathise.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's depression symptoms
Parents will report the frequency at which their child experiences each of the 10 depression symptoms on the 25-item Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's depression symptoms
Parents will report the frequency at which their child experiences each of the 10 depression symptoms on the 25-item Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's anxiety symptoms
Parents will report the frequency at which their child experiences each of the 15 anxiety symptoms on the 25-item Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's anxiety symptoms
Parents will report the frequency at which their child experiences each of the 15 anxiety symptoms on the 25-item Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Time frame: At year 2
Child's internalising behaviour
Parents will complete the Child Behaviour Checklist that assesses their child's internalising behaviour at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Child's internalising behaviour
Parents will complete the Child Behaviour Checklist that assesses their child's internalising behaviour at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Child's externalising behaviour
Parents will complete the Child Behaviour Checklist that assesses their child's externalising behaviour at Time 1.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's externalising behaviour
Parents will complete the Child Behaviour Checklist that assesses their child's externalising behaviour at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Child's age
Parents will report child's age at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Child's age
Parents will report child's age at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Child's gender
Parents will report child's gender.
Time frame: At year 1
Child's ethnicity
Parents will report child's ethnicity.
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' age
Parents will report their ages at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' age
Parents will report their ages at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' education level
Parents will report their education level at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' education level
Parents will report their education level at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Parents' marital status
Parents will report their marital status at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Parents' marital status
Parents will report their marital status at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Socioeconomic status assessed by the type of accommodation
Parents will report the type of accommodation they are living in at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Socioeconomic status assessed by the type of accommodation
Parents will report the type of accommodation they are living in at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
Socioeconomic status assessed by monthly household income
Parents will report their monthly household income at Time 1
Time frame: At year 1
Socioeconomic status assessed by monthly household income
Parents will report their monthly household income at Time 2
Time frame: At year 2
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