Neuromuscular Electrostimulation in Multiple Sclerosis People With Dysphagia

Overview

Dysphagia is a disabling, life-threatening symptom that can cause death in Multiple Sclerosis people (pwMS) through aspiration pneumonia. Speech therapists use behavioural therapies (compensatory and rehabilitative) to alleviate such swallowing problems, with limited benefit. Compensatory strategies such as postural changes and changes in food consistency, have been found to be partially effective, especially in patients with mild dysphagia and may be ineffective in patients with more severe dysphagia. The rehabilitative strategies include "no swallow exercises" which aim to strengthen isolated muscles used in swallowing (such as tongue strengthening) and "swallowing exercises" that aim at strengthening all the muscles used in swallowing while executing a hard, effortful, or prolonged swallow. To date, no randomized clinical trials have shown that rehabilitative strategies are effective. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), often referred to as electrical stimulation, was introduced as a novel therapy for dysphagia in the late 2001. The principles of NMES in the limb rehabilitation literature are well established. However published protocols applying NMES to swallowing function have shown mixed results in people with stroke and only one study was published on MS people. This will be a double blinded, randomized clinical trial (patients and research staff blinded) with two arms: standard speech therapy plus Active NMES vs speech therapy with Sham NMES. The aim of this study is to determine whether NMES added benefit to a therapy program comprised of standard swallowing exercises in dysphagic pwMS.

Recent studies has shown that dysphagia in MS is more frequent than previously believed, the real prevalence ranging from 33 to 43%. Dysphagia is a disabling, life-threatening symptom that can cause death in MS people through aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia has also been reported in about 17% of patients with low disability (EDSS score lower than 2.5) . These figures, which are based on clinical evaluations, are undoubtedly higher when the symptom is evaluated by means of instrumental investigations . According to the De Pauw study , permanent dysphagia emerges in mildly impaired patients (EDSS 2-3), and becomes increasingly common as disability worsens, reaching a prevalence of 65% in the most severely disabled subjects (EDSS 8-9). Thus, diagnosis in the early stages may play an important role in limiting the consequences of this dysfunction. However, as patients themselves sometimes underestimate this symptom, diagnosis must be supported, as recently described in the literature, by functional tests and instrumental evaluations. A specific questionnaire (DYMUS: Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis) was published and validated for the assessment of dysphagia in MS. Its good internal consistency and the feasibility of administration has made it a reliable means to detect dysphagia in MS. In particular it consents to distinguish dysphagia to solids from dysphagia to liquids. However, a more detailed and objective evaluation is needed to investigate specific deficits and to plan appropriate rehabilitation; the Fiberoptic Endoscopy Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) may be used for this purpose. In the 20 years since these initial reports, the FEES has become a validated technique for the evaluation of pharyngeal swallowing. The swallowing disturbances in MS are characterized by impairment of the oral and pharyngeal phases. Abraham et al. found impairment of the upper oesophageal sphincter in 100% of a small MS population . Calcagno et al., using a mixed clinical and instrumental examination, subdivided their population into three groups according to the severity of dysphagia: severe, moderate and slight. Severe dysphagia group showed impairment of both oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, moderate dysphagia group showed motor impairment of the tongue, lips, velum or larynx, while the mild dysphagia group showed deficiency either of the velum or of the glottic closure. In the same paper, Calcagno et al. found that the compensatory strategies resolved dysphagia in about 94% of the cases (46 pts. Out of 49) These strategies help to redirect and improve the food flow, avoiding aspiration and reducing the risk of pneumonia, but patients remain dysphagic and always need to perform compensatory strategies. This seem to be the only study evaluating the rehabilitative approach, but it was not a control study. The role of food was highlighted in a recent paper showing that the main effect of food hardness is a delay in oral ejection time, which strongly delays total swallowing time, whereas pharyngeal bolus transit is dependent on its viscosity. Recently, a pilot study has shown as NMES could probably improve voice quality in MS patients: in fact, dysarthria has been proven to affect quality of life in MS patients . NMES is a form of muscle stimulation with short electrical pulses that is frequently used in physiotherapy to strengthen healthy muscles and has been well described for several decades. NMES is used with a variety of different parameters for different types of treatment, since muscle contraction depends on different electrical parameters. An increase in frequency will result in an increased tension of the stimulated muscle, whereas increased intensity spreads current over a larger area, stimulating more motor units. Lastly, increasing the current duration causes more motor unit activation. NMES can be used for either muscle strengthening, retardation of atrophy or muscle re-education, and different stimulation parameters have to be chosen for each of these three applications of NMES. The use of NMES in dysphagia treatment is relatively new; the first study was published in 2001 . Although Logemann reported that the therapeutic effects of NMES still lacks convincing supporting evidence, several studies have been carried out Research using NMES, including randomized controlled trials, has demonstrated functionally improved swallowing with subjects moving from modified diets to more normal diet and fluids when NMES is used in conjunction with traditional therapy, but not when used in isolation . Moreover, recent UK guidelines from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recognized the positive results from these trials and promoted a further research to support the routine clinical use. NMES has been used in a wide range of patients, suffering from diverse pathologies: from head and neck cancer, to post-stroke dysphagia, obtaining different results . Although it has been hypothesized, that neuromuscular electrical stimulation might enhance muscle strength in weak and disused oro-pharyngeal muscles, its clinical effectiveness remains unclear. Regardless the mechanism of action, clinical results showed that NMES enhances laryngeal elevation , reduces upper esophageal sphincter pressure and it enhances tongue base retraction during swallowing in health volunteers . As reported by Oh and Hamdy , the improvement of the swallowing function in stroke, after electrical stimulation is correlated with cortical reorganization, suggesting that multiple sessions of NEMS of the neck muscles could improve swallowing function also trough the recruitment of new cortical areas. NMES has poor been used in treating dysphagia in MS patients A pilot study performed with pharyngeal electrical stimulation for dysphagia associated with MS showed an improvement in penetration and aspiration scale, suggesting a potential benefit for the treatment of this symptom. However, this type of treatment can be performed only in specialized centers and it is probably more invasive than NMES. In 2009, Bogaardt conducted a Class IV trial with a sample of 25 patients with MS. The primary focus of the study was to examine the effects of NMES on pooling of saliva or liquid in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses. Six of the 25 patients had significant reduction in pooling of saliva in the pyriform sinuses, and 23 participants reported through a questionnaire that their swallowing had improved. This seem to be the unique paper focusing on the therapeutic effects of NMES in MS patients. Simonelli et al recently published about the use of NMES in people with stroke and dysphagia. The methodology resulted safe with a good effectiveness in add on with traditional speech therapy. In fact, combined treatment seem to reduce the risk of penetration and aspiration in stroke dysphagic people. The aim of the study is to determine whether NMES added benefit to a therapy program comprised of standard swallowing exercises in dysphagic pwMS.