Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global pandemic affecting the whole world and taking the lives of millions. The majority of fatalities occur in the elderly specially in the presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and cancer.
Knowing about the family of coronaviruses is that they are the cause of a variety of well-known diseases affecting humans, ranging from common cold to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Acute Severe Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and now the COVID-19 as a new problematic family member. Regarding DM as a knowing old health problem, it has been found that we can use it in predicting the prognosis of the COVID-19 as admission to intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or even death. Previous studies confirmed that uncontrolled DM can badly affects innate immunity which considered as the first line of defence mechanism against COVID-19 infection. In addition, DM has a pro-inflammatory effect through exaggeration of cytokine response which appears clearly through higher results of serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein and ferritin, this suggests that people with DM are more venerable to cytokine storm which leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), shock and rapid deterioration of the case. On the other hand, on looking to previous studies and data collected about the prior SARS outbreak in 2003, which suggested that COVID-19 can lead to worsening of glycemic control in known diabetic patients and above that caused by the stressful nature of a critical illness. In addition, COVID-19 can lead to increasing insulin resistance specially in patients with type II DM. Also, the medications used in the management of COVID-19 having an indirect role on worsening of blood sugar levels also should be taken in our consideration, Corticosteroids as an example, used in the management of patients having ARDS or sepsis can lead to changes in their glycemic profile.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
160
For SARS Corona Virus 2 (COV2) confirmation
Diabetic patients' group will be categorized according to their glycemic control by using their glycated haemoglobin (HBA1C) into good control, fair control and poor control
with the coronavirus disease 2019 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) classification grade 5 for SARS COV2 confirmation
Mortality rates
mortality rate among diabetic and non diabetic COVID-19 patients
Time frame: up to 1 year
Hospital stays
for how long patients admitted to hospital
Time frame: up to 1 year
Need for ICU admission
who will need ICU admission during patient hospitalization
Time frame: up to 1 year
Need for ventilatory support
who will need for ventilatory support (Non-Invasive ventilation (NIV), High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV).
Time frame: up to 1 year
Glycemic control
monitoring of glycemic control among patient groups
Time frame: up to 1 year
Newly onset DM will appear among non-diabetic patients
who will develop DM among non-diabetic group
Time frame: up to 1 year
Acute complications of diabetes
as hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Time frame: up to 1 year
Exacerbation of chronic complications of diabetes
as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy
Time frame: up to 1 year
Changes of diabetes management plan
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* Arterial blood gases (ABGs) * Routine Laboratory investigations (Urea, Creatinine, Liver function tests, Serum Electrolytes, Prothrombin Concentration)
Blood Sugar will be measured before each meal and before bed time during hospitalization.
who will be shifted from oral to insulin therapy and who will be changed of their insulin regimen or introduction form from subcutaneous to intravenous infusion
Time frame: up to 1 year
Incidence of other complications
as hypertension renal and liver diseases
Time frame: up to 1 year