Integration of Health Coaching and Diabetes Education in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management at Primary Health Care

Change from baseline fasting plasma glucose at 3 and 6 months

Blood glucose monitoring

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline serum lipid at 3 and 6 months

Lipid profile measurement includes total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline inflammatory marker at 3 and 6 months

Inflammatory marker used is hs-CRP (C-reactive protein)

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline body mass index

Body mass index described by kg/m2

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline waist circumference

Waist circumference measured by cm

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline body fat

Body fat measured by body impedance analysis

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline left ventricular mass index

Left ventricular mass index measured using standard formula and corrected by body surface area

Time frame: Baseline, 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline left ventricular systolic function

Left ventricular systolic funciton was calculated from ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain (measured by echocardiography)

Time frame: Baseline, 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline left atrial volume

Left atrial volume was measured through biplane area calculation in echocardiography procedure

Time frame: Baseline, 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline right ventricular systolic function

Right ventricular systolic function was evaluated using TAPSE

Time frame: Baseline, 6 months after intervention

change from baseline left ventricular diastolic function

LV diastolic function was evaluated according to algorithm recommended by American Society of Echochardiography in 2016

Time frame: Baseline, 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline electrocardiography pattern

Electrocardiography pattern was used to analyze cardiac rythm

Time frame: Baseline and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline heart rate variability

Heart rate variability was measured using ECG Holter examination

Time frame: Baseline and 6 months after intervention

Baseline visual acuity

Visual acuity was measured by Peek acuity chart application using WHO classification

Time frame: Baseline

Baseline lens haziness

Lens haziness was evaluated using shadow test

Time frame: Baseline

Baseline retina examination

Retina was examined using funduscopic photography

Time frame: Baseline

Baseline intraocular pressure

Intraocular pressure was measured by cup-to-disc ratio using funduscopic photograpy

Time frame: Baseline

Change from baseline peripheral sensory neuropathy

Peripheral sensory neuropathy was measured using combination of subjective manifestation, 10 g Simme Weinstein monofilament and 128 Hz tuning fork

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline peripheral autonomic neuropathy

Peripheral autonomic neuropathy was seen visually by objective examination (dry, scaly skin and cracked skin)

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline peripheral motor neuropathy

Peripheral motor neuropathy was seen visually by objective examination (changes in the shape of fingers, muscle atrophy, or bone protrusions)

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease was diagnosed through ankle brachial index measurement

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline renal function

Renal function was measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using creatinine data

Time frame: Baseline and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline albuminuria

Albuminuria was measured by albumin creatinine ratio

Time frame: Baseline and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline mean calorie intake

Evaluation of mean calorie intake using food record data

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline global physical activity

Global physical activity was evaluated by global physical activity questionnaire

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months after intervention

Change from baseline medication adherence

Medication adherence was measured by Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS)

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months

Change from baseline quality of life

Quality of life was evaluated by EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire. This questionnaire evaluates 5 dimensions of life. Each dimension scores 1-5 (1 means no problem and 5 means extreme problems).

Time frame: Baseline, 3 and 6 months