The goal of this longitudinal and observational study is to better understand the psychiatric consequences of COVID-19 over time. Psychiatric outcomes like mood, anxiety, stress, and cognitive symptoms in patients who underwent inpatient hospitalization at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine for COVID-19 will be assessed at 6 months or later post-discharge.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
2
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, New York, United States
Cognitive functioning as measured by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) (English)
The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) comprises auditory and visual subtasks of attention, language, visuospatial/constructional abilities, and immediate and delayed memory. Each subtask is assessed as accuracy (number of correct responses) and subsequently combined into a composite score (RBANS Total Scale score).
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Executive functioning as measured by the Oral Trail Making Test-B (OTMT-B; English)
The oral version of the Trail Making Test (OTMT) assesses processing speed, working memory, and attention. Participants have to say out loud numbers and letters in alternating sequence and the time to completion is recorded.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Cognitive control as measured by the Stroop test (English)
The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) is used to assess verbal processing speed and ability to inhibit cognitive interference. Participants have to read out loud words, colors, and color words printed in different colored ink. The number of correct responses in 45 seconds is recorded.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Verbal intellectual ability as measured by the National Adult Reading Test (NART) for English speakers and the Word Accentuation Test (WAT).
Participants have to read a set of words out loud and the number correct is recorded. Number of errors are recorded out of 61 words.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Verbal Fluency (English)
This test requires participants to verbally produce words that start with given letters in a given time. The number of total valid words is used to indicate of successful selective information retrieval from memory.
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Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Mood symptoms as assessed by DASS (English)
Participants' moods will be assessed by Depression and Anxiety Scale (DASS) which is 42 item quantitative measure of three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The scores are interpreted for all three areas and higher scores indicate that the participant experiences increased emotional distress in either or all areas. For depression, the score ranges of 0-9 mean normal, 10-13 is mild, 14-20 moderate, 21-27 severe, and 28+ would be categorized under extremely severe depression. For anxiety, 0-7 is normal, 8-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 severe, 20+ extremely severe. And for Stress, 0-14 is normal, 15-18 mild, 19-25 moderate, 26-33 severe, and 34+ extremely severe.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Mood symptoms as assessed by PANAS (English)
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item scale to measure affect. The scale consists of different words that alternate between positive and negative affect and each item is rated on a 5 point scale. Scores can range from 10-50 for both the Positive and Negative Affect with the lower scores representing lower levels of Positive/Negative Affect and higher scores representing higher levels of Positive/Negative Affect.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Acceptance as assessed by AAQ-II (English)
The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) is a 7-item self-report questionnaire used to measure psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Scores range from 7- 49 with higher scores indicating higher level of inflexibility/avoidance.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Resilience as assessed by Brief Resilience Scale (English)
The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is 6-item questionnaire used to assess the participant's perceived ability to recover from stressful events. The possible score range on each item is from 1 (low resilience) to 5 (high resilience).
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Cognitive difficulties in daily life as assessed by Neuro Quality of Life (NeuroQOL) (English)
NeuroQOL is a self-report questionnaires used to determine cognitive difficulties in participants' tasks of daily living. Scores range from 8-40 where lower score indicate that the participant experiences cognitive difficulties in their daily tasks and higher scores indicate minimum or no cognitive difficulties.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Cognitive function as assessed by Attention Network Test (ANT)
ANT is a validated and computer-based paradigm that is based on an underlying attention/executive function network model of attention. It assesses three components of attention: alerting attention, orienting attention, and executive attention.
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.
Cognitive function as assessed by EEG.
An event-related potential (ERP) is the stereotypical voltage change that occurs in brain structures following specific cognitive events. When recorded using EEG, they are a powerful noninvasive method to study neural correlates of mental processes. We will record EEG while subjects engage in passive auditory cognitive processing and extract specific ERP components that are known to be sensitive to subtle cognitive weaknesses (N100, P300, N400).
Time frame: Once, 6 months to 36 months post-discharge from the hospital.