Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are very common knee injuries amongst youth involved in sports and are often treated through ACL reconstruction surgeries. Unfortunately, up to 50% of individuals who undergo ACL reconstruction develop post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in their injured knee by 20 years post-reconstruction causing pain, decreasing mobility, and impacting quality of life in young active individuals. Much remains unknown regarding the secondary prevention of PTOA, and more investigation is necessary to better understand its disease progression post-ACL reconstruction and types of conservative interventions that can prevent or delay its onset. Physical activity has improved patient-reported outcomes across many different chronic diseases including knee osteoarthritis (OA), and physical activity prescription has been shown to be an effective way to increase patients' levels of physical activity. It has not yet been heavily investigated in the context of post-ACL reconstruction, and individuals often exhibit decreased physical activity after ACL reconstruction which causes suboptimal cartilage health. Thus, physical activity prescription may improve habitual joint loading, leading to improved cartilage health and patient-reported health outcomes.
ACL injuries are extremely common knee injuries sustained by athletes participating in sports involving sudden changes of direction like jumping, cutting and pivoting. Every year, approximately 1 in 3500 individuals injure their ACL. ACL reconstruction surgery is a popular treatment option for young athletes that aims to re-establish knee stability and restore function, enabling high rates of return to sport. Unfortunately, despite reconstruction surgery's short-term benefits, it does not significantly alter the course of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) that often develops after sustaining a severe knee injury. In fact, over half of ACL patients present radiographic signs of OA by 20 years post-reconstruction surgery. Individuals with OA often have significantly impaired mobility, functionality, and quality of life, so appropriate rehabilitation protocols and conservative joint management strategies are necessary to improve knee health outcomes post-reconstruction and keep these patients healthy and active for as long as possible. Physical activity has widely known preventive and therapeutic effects across many chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obesity. Similarly, there is widespread evidence of high physical activity levels reducing pain and increasing function and health-related quality of life in individuals with knee and hip osteoarthritis, indicating its efficacy as a conservative measure for improving joint health. In contrast, sedentary behaviour increases the risk of OA development and other comorbidities by increasing body mass index (BMI), causing poorer cartilage health, reducing muscle quality, and increasing systemic inflammation. Following ACL reconstruction, individuals are susceptible to adopting more sedentary lifestyles due to a fear of re-injury through movement, evidenced by relatively lower self-reported physical activity levels compared to before injury. While ACL injuries may initiate OA pathogenesis, sedentary behaviour is a modifiable risk factor that can further facilitate disease progression. Since physical activity prescription effectively increases physical activity levels, it offers potential utility for improving knee joint health post-reconstruction surgery and preventing or delaying the onset of PTOA. Objectives: 1. To examine the effects of physical activity prescription on patient-reported outcomes (KOOS and IKDC scores) 2. To examine the effects of physical activity prescription on femoral trochlear cartilage thickness and echo intensity based on ultrasound imaging over 1 year. 3. To analyze the impact of patients' gait biomechanics on changes in patient-reported outcomes and femoral trochlear cartilage health outcomes due to the physical activity intervention. Hypotheses: 1. Those assigned to the physical activity prescription group will have higher KOOS and IKDC scores than those in the control group following 1 year. 2. Physical activity prescription will lead to less reductions in echo intensity and heterogeneity of the femoral trochlear cartilage over 1 year. 3. Poorer femoral trochlear cartilage health imaging outcomes (greater reductions in echo intensity and heterogeneity) and lower KOOS and IKDC scores at 1 year will be associated with larger vertical ground reaction forces, smaller knee flexion angles, greater knee adduction moments, smaller knee extensor moments, and larger vertical loading rates of the involved limb.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
196
Prescription Physical Activity Programming Application
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic
London, Ontario, Canada
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC)
This form uses a subjective scale to provide a score from 0 to 100 indicating the patient's overall level of function. The total score is determined by adding individual scores from three categories: symptoms, sports activity, and knee function.
Time frame: Baseline
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC)
This form uses a subjective scale to provide a score from 0 to 100 indicating the patient's overall level of function. The total score is determined by adding individual scores from three categories: symptoms, sports activity, and knee function.
Time frame: 2 months
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC)
This form uses a subjective scale to provide a score from 0 to 100 indicating the patient's overall level of function. The total score is determined by adding individual scores from three categories: symptoms, sports activity, and knee function.
Time frame: 6 months
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC)
This form uses a subjective scale to provide a score from 0 to 100 indicating the patient's overall level of function. The total score is determined by adding individual scores from three categories: symptoms, sports activity, and knee function.
Time frame: 12 months
Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) assesses patient pain (9 items), other symptoms (7 items), function in daily living (17 items), function in sport and recreation (5 items), and knee related quality of life (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 indicating the worst possible knee symptoms and 100 indicating no knee symptoms. The KOOS is a patient reported joint-specific score, which may be useful for assessing changes in knee pathology over time, with or without treatment.
Time frame: Baseline
Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
Knee-specific survey that evaluates short-term and long-term consequences of knee injury with 42 questions across 5 subscales: pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life. Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) assesses patient pain (9 items), other symptoms (7 items), function in daily living (17 items), function in sport and recreation (5 items), and knee related quality of life (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 indicating the worst possible knee symptoms and 100 indicating no knee symptoms. The KOOS is a patient reported joint-specific score, which may be useful for assessing changes in knee pathology over time, with or without treatment.
Time frame: 2 months
Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) assesses patient pain (9 items), other symptoms (7 items), function in daily living (17 items), function in sport and recreation (5 items), and knee related quality of life (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 indicating the worst possible knee symptoms and 100 indicating no knee symptoms. The KOOS is a patient reported joint-specific score, which may be useful for assessing changes in knee pathology over time, with or without treatment.
Time frame: 6 months
Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) assesses patient pain (9 items), other symptoms (7 items), function in daily living (17 items), function in sport and recreation (5 items), and knee related quality of life (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 indicating the worst possible knee symptoms and 100 indicating no knee symptoms. The KOOS is a patient reported joint-specific score, which may be useful for assessing changes in knee pathology over time, with or without treatment.
Time frame: 12 months
Ultrasonographic Femoral Trochlear Cartilage Imaging
Ultrasonographic imaging of the femoral trochlear cartilage will help visualize and compare deleterious cartilage changes between the PA intervention group and the usual care group. A Logiq e ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare) will be used to measure cartilage thickness, echo-intensity, and heterogeneity to assess composition quality.
Time frame: Baseline
Ultrasonographic Femoral Trochlear Cartilage Imaging
Ultrasonographic imaging of the femoral trochlear cartilage will help visualize and compare deleterious cartilage changes between the PA intervention group and the usual care group. A Logiq e ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare) will be used to measure cartilage thickness, echo-intensity, and heterogeneity to assess composition quality.
Time frame: 12 months
Physical Activity Evaluation using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and MyRecovery app
The GPAQ is a 22-item questionnaire designed to estimate patients' physical activity levels in work, transport, and leisure time as well as time spent doing sedentary behaviours. It also asks two questions to determine the patient's level of positive attitude towards physical activity and the barriers that may prevent them from physical activity engagement. MyRecovery is a smartphone app that tracks steps per day, light/moderate/vigorous activity, and total MET-min through accelerometer data.
Time frame: Baseline
Physical Activity Evaluation using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and MyRecovery app
The GPAQ is a 22-item questionnaire designed to estimate patients' physical activity levels in work, transport, and leisure time as well as time spent doing sedentary behaviours. It also asks two questions to determine the patient's level of positive attitude towards physical activity and the barriers that may prevent them from physical activity engagement. MyRecovery is a smartphone app that tracks steps per day, light/moderate/vigorous activity, and total metabolic equivalents through accelerometer data.
Time frame: 2 months
Physical Activity Evaluation using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and MyRecovery app
The GPAQ is a 22-item questionnaire designed to estimate patients' physical activity levels in work, transport, and leisure time as well as time spent doing sedentary behaviours. It also asks two questions to determine the patient's level of positive attitude towards physical activity and the barriers that may prevent them from physical activity engagement. MyRecovery is a smartphone app that tracks steps per day, light/moderate/vigorous activity, and total metabolic equivalents through accelerometer data.
Time frame: 6 months
Physical Activity Evaluation using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and MyRecovery app
The GPAQ is a 22-item questionnaire designed to estimate patients' physical activity levels in work, transport, and leisure time as well as time spent doing sedentary behaviours. It also asks two questions to determine the patient's level of positive attitude towards physical activity and the barriers that may prevent them from physical activity engagement. MyRecovery is a smartphone app that tracks steps per day, light/moderate/vigorous activity, and total MET-min through accelerometer data.
Time frame: 12 months
Three-dimensional Motion-captured Gait Biomechanics Analysis
Walking gait biomechanics will be motion-captured and analyzed to identify individuals with asymmetries in lower-limb biomechanics during walking. Metrics used will include peak knee adduction moment, peak knee flexion moment, vertical ground reaction force, and vertical loading rate.
Time frame: Baseline
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