This study has three objectives about persons with Parkinson's Disease during bicycling: 1. Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition during virtual bicycling on neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity 2. Determine the effect of visual-feedback and competition during virtual bicycling on the user experience of motivation, enjoyment \& perception of exercise intensity 3. Determine if attention differs during visual feedback compared to competition virtual bicycling
Participants will attend one sessions lasting about 2-3 hours. They will complete movement assessments and questionnaires about physical activity. They will then exercise exercise in three different virtual reality augmented bicycling conditions while wearing a head mounted display (goggles). Each of the three conditions will last approximately 8 minutes and will be followed by questionnaires about the participant's experience.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
22
This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 8 minutes each.
Rutgers School of Health Professions
Newark, New Jersey, United States
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Feedback
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Self-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Other-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute feedback bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute self-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
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Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute other-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Feedback
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Self-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Other-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Feedback
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Self-Competition
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Other-Competition
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the endpoint (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory)
Measured once using the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory consisting of 12 items from 4 subscales (hyper competitive, self-developmental, anxious, lack of interest) For each subscale, mean scores range from 1-6 with higher scores representing higher levels of that subscale metric.
Time frame: Measured once before exercise bouts begin (after clinical assessments) (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure)
Ranking of Perceived Effort
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked in which of the 3 bicycling conditions they felt they worked the hardest. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the hardest and a 3 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the least hard.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Ranking of Enjoyment
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked which of the 3 bicycling conditions they liked the best. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition they liked the best and a 3 indicating the condition they liked the least.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Audio Recordings of Exercise Experience
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked about their exercise experience. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of recordings were not conducted. However, sample quotes representing constructs of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory will be included in future publications.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition