Relationship Between Bronchial Asthma and COVID-19 Infection in Adults: Clinical and Laboratory Assessment

Overview

Background: Asthma is still considered a major chronic respiratory disease that affects a large number in the world. The association between COVID-19 infection and asthma was studied in different ways focusing on hospital admitted patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between asthma and COVID-19 infection in adults attending outpatient pulmonary clinic over three successive months from clinical and laboratory point of view. Patients and methods: The current study collected 1309 patients attending the outpatient pulmonary clinic of a Saudi Arabian private Hospital over three successive months from 1st of December 2020 to the end of February 2021. Patients were divided into three groups; Group 1: COVID-19 infected with asthma (312), Group 2: COVID-19 infected with no asthma (286) and Group 3: COVID-19 non-infected with asthma (300).

The current study aimed to evaluate the relation between asthma and COVID-19 infection in adults attending outpatient pulmonary clinic over three successive months from clinical and laboratory point of view. Patients and methods: The current study is a retrospective analytical study on 1309 patients attending pulmonary clinic in a Saudi Arabian private hospital over three successive month's starting from the 1st of December 2020 to the end of February 2021. Patients were classified according to previous history of asthma and /or infection with covid -19 in the previous 6 months. Patients were divided into two main groups according to history of COVID-19 infection; history of COVID-19 infection , no history of COVID-19 infection. Each group was divided into asthma and non-asthma groups. Patients who had no history of asthma and had no history of previous infection with COVID-19 were excluded from the study. So, the investigators get three groups: Group 1: COVID-19 positive with asthma, Group 2: COVID-19 positive with no asthma and Group 3: COVID-19 negative with asthma. The study was approved by local internal ethics committee and patient's acceptance to reveal their data was received prior to the study. Methods: data were collected from medical records including: history of COVID -19 infection, presenting symptoms and clinical examination, hospitalization either ICU or ward. For asthma patients, their full data were collected regarding asthma control in last 3 months following GINA criteria for asthma control \[8\], Investigations included; CBC with differential count, WBC, lymphocytes, eosinophils, HGB and platelets, Inflammatory markers as d-dimer, LDH and ferritin level, electrolytes, BUN, serum creatinine, CXR, and old spirometry reports. Diagnosis of COVID 19 infection was made by a positive nasopharyngeal and throat swabs COVID 19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data were collected from patients' medical records including medical history, demographic information such as age, gender, symptoms of COVID-19, time of onset of symptoms, the physical examination at admission, during hospitalization, medications prescribed for COIVID-19 treatment, laboratory examinations, and imaging tests which were performed for all groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results were presented as percentile (absolute numbers); mean and standard deviation. Quantitative data were presented as median (interquartile range) (IQR, presented as first quartile - third quartile). Qualitative data were expressed as percentage (%) \[9\].