Imaginal exposure is a widely used and effective psychological treatment technique in which patients are exposed to fearful stimuli and situations using mental imagery. This study examines imaginal extinction, an experimental analogue of imaginal exposure that allows the study of this treatment technique under controlled circumstances. During imaginal extinction, conditioned fear is diminished through repeated exposure to mental imagery of the feared (conditioned) stimulus. The neural underpinnings of imaginal extinction is not known, and hence, this study examines neural activations during imaginal extinction using psychophysiology and brain imaging.
In this study, participants undergo threat conditioning to two pictures (CS+, CS-) in order to acquire a conditioned threat response. After this, the conditioned threat response is diminished through imaginal extinction (i.e extinction to the mental imagery of CS+ and CS-). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (7T) is used to measure neural activations during threat conditioning and imaginal extinction. Skin conductance is used to measure arousal response. Subjective fear and mental imagery vividness ratings will also be collected. In this way, this study aims to characterize the neural underpinnings of imaginal extinction. Note that this study employs participants fearful of spiders. This is because data collection is shared with a related study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID 2020-06930a).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
87
Day 1: The participant is repeatedly shown two stimulus (CS+,CS-), one at a time. CS+ is paired with an electric shock. CS- acts as a control stimulus. The stimuli consist of photos of two different objects. Stimuli will be counterbalanced between participants.
Day 1: Participants are repeatedly instructed to produce mental imagery of the two stimuli used during threat conditioning. Imagery is prompted through different written instructions presented in pseudo-randomized order on a screen. No shocks will be delivered.
The Swedish 7T facility
Lund, Sweden
Blood oxygen level dependent contrast (BOLD-signal) during threat conditioning and imaginal extinction.
BOLD-signal is assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Time frame: Day 1
Physiological arousal response during threat conditioning and imaginal extinction.
Skin conductance responses are used as a measure of physiological arousal response (i.e. event-related rise in electrodermal activity to stimuli).
Time frame: Day 1
Task-specific mental imagery vividness during imaginal extinction
Vividness of Imagery (scale:1-5; no image at all - image as clear and vivid as real life)
Time frame: Day 1
Ratings of subjective fear experienced during threat conditioning and imaginal extinction.
Scale 0-100; no fear at all - extreme fear
Time frame: Day 1
Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T)
STAI-T is a self-rated questionnaire included assess trait-anxiety in the participants. Scale: 20-80, where higher scores represent higher levels of trait anxiety.
Time frame: One week after Day 1
Vividness of visual imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)
VVIQ is used to measure individual differences in the Vividness of Visual mental Imagery; scale: 16-80 where higher scores represent a higher ability for visual imagery.
Time frame: One week after Day 1
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