The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. The study will also investigate relationships with eating microstructure such as eating rate and bite size. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and portion size on meal intake.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
3 courses each consisting of a different food
3 courses each consisting of 3 foods
3 courses each consisting of the same food
Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Change in intake by weight
Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in energy intake
Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in bite count
The number of bites of food during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in meal duration
Duration of the meal in minutes
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean eating rate
Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean bite size
Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in sip count
The number of sips of water during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean drinking rate
Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
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Small meal portion size
Large meal portion size
Change in mean sip size
Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in switching between bites and sips
The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in switching between different foods
The number of switches between different foods
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to a very large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much of \[this food\] do you want to eat right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of hunger
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)
Time frame: Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of thirst
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)
Time frame: Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of nausea
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)
Time frame: Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of fullness
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)
Time frame: Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6