Lipoprotein Kinetics in T1D

Inclusion Criteria: * Age: ≥18 but ≤45 years * premenopausal/eumenorrheic and not pregnant or breastfeeding * non-obese (body mass index ≥18.5\<30.0 kg/m2) * Fasting plasma triglyceride \<150 mg/dL Additional inclusion criteria for control subjects: * Fasting plasma glucose \<100 mg/dL * Plasma glucose 2 h after a 75 g oral glucose challenge \<140 mg/dL * HbA1c \<5.6%. Additional inclusion criteria for subjects with T1DM: * stable insulin regimen (multiple daily insulin injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin) for at least 8 weeks before screening * no use of diabetes medications other than insulin * HbA1c \<8.0%, basal (overnight fasted) * no severe symptomatic hypoglycemic event associated with a seizure or requiring help from other people or a medical facility in the 6 months prior to screening or metabolic testing Exclusion Criteria: * more than 1.5 h of structured exercise/week * use of tobacco products, excessive amounts of alcohol, or dietary supplements and/or medications known to affect lipid metabolism * hypothyroidism or other disorders known to affect lipid metabolism * conditions that would make it impossible to complete the study protocol