It is well known that patients suffering from chronic pain report higher levels of pain, anxiety, and depression if they have experienced a traumatic event. However, little is know about pain area and widespreadness. In this retrospective study, we want to investigate whether pain area and widespreadness differs in chronic pain patients with and without traumatic events. To test this hypothesis we will retrospectively analyse pain drawings collected at the pain outpatient department from Hannover Medical School. Participants will be divided into four groups depending on the severity of their traumatic events: no trauma; accidental trauma; interpersonal trauma; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
914
Hannover Medical School
Hanover, Germany
Difference in pain area
Pain area derived from electronic pain drawings (SymptomMapper). The score ranges from 0 to 100% body area.
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in pain widespreadness
Widespread pain index (WPI) derived from electronic pain drawings (SymptomMapper). The score ranges from 0 (no pain) to 19 (pain affects all possible regions).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in current pain
Visual analogue scale from 0 ("no pain") to 100 ("maximal imaginable pain").
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in mean pain in the last four weeks
Visual analogue scale from 0 ("no pain") to 100 ("maximal imaginable pain").
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in maximal pain in the last four weeks
Visual analogue scale from 0 ("no pain") to 100 ("maximal imaginable pain").
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in acceptable pain
Visual analogue scale from 0 ("no pain") to 100 ("maximal imaginable pain").
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in sleep impairment
Visual analogue scale from 0 ("no impairment") to 100 ("maximal imaginable impairment").
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in pain-related disability
Pain-related disability assessed via the Pain Disability Index (PDI). The score ranges from 0 (no pain-related disability) to 70 (maximal disability).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in depression
Depression assessed via the 9-item depression scale (PHQ-9) from the German version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). The score ranges from 0 (no depression) to 27 (maximal depression).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in somatic symptoms
Somatic symptoms assessed via the 15-item somatic scale (PHQ-15) from the German version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). The score ranges from 0 (no somatic symptom burden) to 30 (maximal somatic symptom burden).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in anxiety
Anxiety assessed via the 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) from the German version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). The score ranges from 0 (no anxiety) to 21 (maximal anxiety).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
Difference in stress
Stress assessed via the 10-item stress scale (PHQ-Stress) from the German version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). The score ranges from 0 (no stress) to 20 (maximal stress).
Time frame: First visit of each patient at the Pain outpatient department of Hannover Medical School between 2019-02-28 and 2020-07-07
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