To examine the efficacy of an 8-week exercise training program on functional, cognitive, and emotional health outcomes compared to a no treatment control condition in adults with PASC.
Conduct a randomized control trial with a wait-list control to examine the efficacy of an 8-week exercise training program on functional, cognitive, and emotional health outcomes compared to a no treatment control condition in adults with PASC. Examine participant compliance (in-person attendance, online engagement) with the 8-week exercise training program including in-person exercise sessions, cognitive performance training, and virtual exercise sessions delivered via a mobile application. To determine if compliance with the 8-week exercise training program is associated with improvement in functional, cognitive, and emotional health outcomes. Determine if there is a maintenance effect for individuals randomized into the 8-week exercise training program by comparing their outcomes at the end of the 8-week training exercise program to their outcomes at the end of their trial participation (16 weeks).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
21
In this prospective, randomized control trial, the investigators will compare functional exercise capacity, cognitive performance, and emotional well-being at baseline and following 2 conditions: (1) an 8-week exercise training program (intervention) or (2) no training program (control). Participants will be randomized using a 1:1 randomization scheme into either the intervention or control group. After 8 weeks, participants in the wait-list control group will begin the intervention for the next 8 weeks and activity undergone by participants first randomized into the intervention group will remain under observation.
Baylor Scott and White Sports Therapy and Research
Frisco, Texas, United States
Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), mL/min
Peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) is an indicator of health and fitness. Participants will perform a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) while a metabolic cart measures and calculates their VO2max.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), mL/min
Peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) is an indicator of health and fitness. Participants will perform a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) while a metabolic cart measures and calculates their VO2max.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), mL/min
Peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) is an indicator of health and fitness. Participants will perform a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) while a metabolic cart measures and calculates their VO2max.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Score on Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS)
The Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS) is an 18-item questionnaire designed to self-assess cognitive function. Each question uses a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "never" (0) to "always" (5). The total score is calculated from the mean of the numbers with a lower values indicating a better self-perception of cognitive function and higher values indicating a worse self-perception of cognitive function.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Score on Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS)
The Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS) is an 18-item questionnaire designed to self-assess cognitive function. Each question uses a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "never" (0) to "always" (5). The total score is calculated from the mean of the numbers with a lower values indicating a better self-perception of cognitive function and higher values indicating a worse self-perception of cognitive function.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
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Score on Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS)
The Cognitive Function Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS) is an 18-item questionnaire designed to self-assess cognitive function. Each question uses a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "never" (0) to "always" (5). The total score is calculated from the mean of the numbers with a lower values indicating a better self-perception of cognitive function and higher values indicating a worse self-perception of cognitive function.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Score on PHQ-8
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is an 8-item self-report questionnaire assessing the participant for depression. Each question uses a 4-point scale and the score is determined by the sum of the 8 numbers with higher scores indicating a more severe depression.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Score on PHQ-8
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is an 8-item self-report questionnaire assessing the participant for depression. Each question uses a 4-point Likert scale and the score is determined by the sum of the 8 numbers with higher scores indicating a more severe depression.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Score on PHQ-8
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is an 8-item self-report questionnaire assessing the participant for depression. Each question uses a 4-point Likert scale and the score is determined by the sum of the 8 numbers with higher scores indicating a more severe depression.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Duration, mm:ss
Total time of test (CPET).
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Duration, mm:ss
Total time of test (CPET).
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Duration, mm:ss
Total time of test (CPET).
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Peak VO2 (absolute), mL/min
Using metabolic cart, absolute peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Peak VO2 (absolute), mL/min
Using metabolic cart, absolute peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Peak VO2 (absolute), mL/min
Using metabolic cart, absolute peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Peak VO2 (relative), mL/kg/min
Using metabolic cart, relative peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Peak VO2 (relative), mL/kg/min
Using metabolic cart, relative peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Peak VO2 (relative), mL/kg/min
Using metabolic cart, relative peak oxygen consumption will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Metabolic Equivalents
Using metabolic cart, metabolic equivalents will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Metabolic Equivalents
Using metabolic cart, metabolic equivalents will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Metabolic Equivalents
Using metabolic cart, metabolic equivalents will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Using metabolic cart, respiratory exchange ratio will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Using metabolic cart, respiratory exchange ratio will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Using metabolic cart, respiratory exchange ratio will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
VE/VCO2 slope
Using metabolic cart, VE/VCO2 slope will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
VE/VCO2 slope
Using metabolic cart, VE/VCO2 slope will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
VE/VCO2 slope
Using metabolic cart, VE/VCO2 slope will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Minute Ventilation, L/min
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Minute Ventilation, L/min
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Minute Ventilation, L/min
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Breathing Reserve, %
Using metabolic cart, breathing reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Breathing Reserve, %
Using metabolic cart, breathing reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Breathing Reserve, %
Using metabolic cart, breathing reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Tidal Volume, L
Using metabolic cart, tidal volume will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Tidal Volume, L
Using metabolic cart, tidal volume will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Tidal Volume, L
Using metabolic cart, tidal volume will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Respiratory Frequency, /min
Using metabolic cart, respiratory frequency will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Respiratory Frequency, /min
Using metabolic cart, respiratory frequency will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Respiratory Frequency, /min
Using metabolic cart, respiratory frequency will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Heart Rate, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Heart Rate, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Heart Rate, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Heart Rate Reserve, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Heart Rate Reserve, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Heart Rate Reserve, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate reserve will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Heart Rate Recovery at 1 min, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate recovery at 1 minute will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Heart Rate Recovery at 1 min, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate recovery at 1 minute will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Heart Rate Recovery at 1 min, bpm
Using metabolic cart, heart rate recovery at 1 minute will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
VO2/Heart Rate, mL/beat
Using metabolic cart, VO2/heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
VO2/Heart Rate, mL/beat
Using metabolic cart, VO2/heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
VO2/Heart Rate, mL/beat
Using metabolic cart, VO2/heart rate will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
VO2 at anaerobic threshold, mL/min
Using metabolic cart, VO2 at anaerobic threshold will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
VO2 at anaerobic threshold, mL/min
Using metabolic cart, VO2 at anaerobic threshold will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
VO2 at anaerobic threshold, mL/min
Using metabolic cart, VO2 at anaerobic threshold will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
PetCO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
PetCO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
PetCO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
PetO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal oxygen pressure (PetO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
PetO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal oxygen pressure (PetO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
PetO2, mmHg
Using metabolic cart, end-tidal oxygen pressure (PetO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
VE/VCO2
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
VE/VCO2
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
VE/VCO2
Using metabolic cart, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Self-Rated Perceived Exertion
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (6-20) scale will be used during the test to assess subjective exertion. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher ratings indicating a higher level of exertion.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Self-Rated Perceived Exertion
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (6-20) scale will be used during the test to assess subjective exertion. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher ratings indicating a higher level of exertion.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Self-Rated Perceived Exertion
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (6-20) scale will be used during the test to assess subjective exertion. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher ratings indicating a higher level of exertion.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Self-Rated Dyspnea
The Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (0-10) will be used to assess subjective shortness of breath. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher values indicating a higher degree of shortness of breath.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Self-Rated Dyspnea
The Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (0-10) will be used to assess subjective shortness of breath. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher values indicating a higher degree of shortness of breath.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Self-Rated Dyspnea
The Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (0-10) will be used to assess subjective shortness of breath. Measured during each stage of the exercise protocol during the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Higher values indicating a higher degree of shortness of breath.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Pulse oximetry
Measured by a pulse oximeter during each stage of the exercise protocol of the cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Pulse oximetry
Measured by a pulse oximeter during each stage of the exercise protocol of the cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Pulse oximetry
Measured by a pulse oximeter during each stage of the exercise protocol of the cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Rhythm on electrocardiogram
Using an electrocardiogram, heart rhythm will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Rhythm on electrocardiogram
Using an electrocardiogram, heart rhythm will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Rhythm on electrocardiogram
Using an electrocardiogram, heart rhythm will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
Using the WHOOP 4.0, heart rate variability (HRV) will be calculated and recorded. This will be continuously recorded for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Respiratory rate
Using the WHOOP 4.0, respiratory rate will be recorded. This will be continuously recorded for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Strain
Using the WHOOP 4.0, strain will be calculated and recorded. This will be continuously recorded for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Skin temperature, °F
Using the WHOOP 4.0, skin temperature will be recorded. This will be continuously recorded for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
IPAQ
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is a 6-item questionnaire assessing how active an individual has been by asking about their activity history. Using the IPAQ, activity history will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
IPAQ
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is a 6-item questionnaire assessing how active an individual has been by asking about their activity history. Using the IPAQ, activity history will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
IPAQ
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is a 6-item questionnaire assessing how active an individual has been by asking about their activity history. Using the IPAQ, activity history will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Motor Speed on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, motor speed will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Motor Speed on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, motor speed will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Motor Speed on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, motor speed will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Reaction Time on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Reaction Time on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Reaction Time on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Reaction Time with No-Go on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time with no-go will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Reaction Time with No-Go on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time with no-go will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Reaction Time with No-Go on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, reaction time with no-go will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Dexterity on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, dexterity will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Dexterity on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, dexterity will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Dexterity on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, dexterity will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Inhibition on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, inhibition will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Inhibition on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, inhibition will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Inhibition on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, inhibition will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Dual-Processing on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, dual-processing will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Dual-Processing on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT application, dual-processing will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Dual-Processing on CogPT app
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, dual-processing will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Working Memory Capacity
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, working memory capacity will be recorded.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Working Memory Capacity
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, working memory capacity will be recorded.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Working Memory Capacity
Using the Sports Academy CogPT iPad application, working memory capacity will be recorded.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Sleep duration on WHOOP
Using the WHOOP 4.0, sleep duration will be recorded. This will be continuously recorded every night for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Sleep efficiency on WHOOP
Using the WHOOP 4.0, sleep efficiency will be recorded. This will be continuously recorded every night for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Sleep stage duration on WHOOP
Using the WHOOP 4.0, sleep stage duration will be recorded. This will be continuously recorded every night for 26 weeks.
Time frame: Lasting 26 weeks.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)
The Sleep Disturbance-Short Form 4a is derived from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and will be used to assess for adult sleep disturbance profiles. It consists of 4-items and is based on a 5-point scale. The sum of each response creates a total raw score. Higher total scores indicate a greater adult sleep disturbance profile. This measure is normed to the US general population.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)
The Sleep Disturbance-Short Form 4a is derived from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and will be used to assess for adult sleep disturbance profiles. It consists of 4-items and is based on a 5-point scale. The sum of each response creates a total raw score. Higher total scores indicate a greater adult sleep disturbance profile. This measure is normed to the US general population.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)
The Sleep Disturbance-Short Form 4a is derived from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and will be used to assess for adult sleep disturbance profiles. It consists of 4-items and is based on a 5-point scale. The sum of each response creates a total raw score. Higher total scores indicate a greater adult sleep disturbance profile. This measure is normed to the US general population.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Health Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D)
Health Related Quality of Life will be assessed using the EuroQol (EQ-5D), a short questionnaire that covers mobility, self-care, activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. This tool has shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive in a wide range of conditions and populations.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Health Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D)
Health Related Quality of Life will be assessed using the EuroQol (EQ-5D), a short questionnaire that covers mobility, self-care, activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. This tool has shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive in a wide range of conditions and populations.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Health Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D)
Health Related Quality of Life will be assessed using the EuroQol (EQ-5D), a short questionnaire that covers mobility, self-care, activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. This tool has shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive in a wide range of conditions and populations.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Anxiety (GAD-7)
Anxiety will be measured using the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). It is a 7-item form, each of which is scored 0 to 3, yielding a 0 to 21 severity score. Higher scores indicating a more severe anxiety. The GAD-7 has shown to be valid, reliable, and sensitive in clinical practice and research.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Anxiety (GAD-7)
Anxiety will be measured using the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). It is a 7-item form, each of which is scored 0 to 3, yielding a 0 to 21 severity score. Higher scores indicating a more severe anxiety. The GAD-7 has shown to be valid, reliable, and sensitive in clinical practice and research.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Anxiety (GAD-7)
Anxiety will be measured using the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). It is a 7-item form, each of which is scored 0 to 3, yielding a 0 to 21 severity score. Higher scores indicating a more severe anxiety. The GAD-7 has shown to be valid, reliable, and sensitive in clinical practice and research.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
PTSD (LEC-5 and PCL-5)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma history will be assessed using two scales. The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) is a 17-item self-report measure designed to screen for traumatic life events. Participants will indicate varying levels of exposure to each type of potentially traumatic event included on a 6-point scale. Additionally, participants will complete the PTSD Check List (PCL-5), a 20-item self-report measure which yields a total symptom severity score of 0-80. Higher scores indicating a greater severity.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
PTSD (LEC-5 and PCL-5)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma history will be assessed using two scales. The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) is a 17-item self-report measure designed to screen for traumatic life events. Participants will indicate varying levels of exposure to each type of potentially traumatic event included on a 6-point scale. Additionally, participants will complete the PTSD Check List (PCL-5), a 20-item self-report measure which yields a total symptom severity score of 0-80. Higher scores indicating a greater severity.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
PTSD (LEC-5 and PCL-5)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma history will be assessed using two scales. The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) is a 17-item self-report measure designed to screen for traumatic life events. Participants will indicate varying levels of exposure to each type of potentially traumatic event included on a 6-point scale. Additionally, participants will complete the PTSD Check List (PCL-5), a 20-item self-report measure which yields a total symptom severity score of 0-80. Higher scores indicating a greater severity.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Breathlessness (mMRC)
Breathlessness will be assessed using the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) which is a self-report scale ranging from 0 to 4 commonly used to assess dyspnea during everyday life in patients with pulmonary disease. Higher values indicating a greater condition of dyspnea.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Breathlessness (mMRC)
Breathlessness will be assessed using the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) which is a self-report scale ranging from 0 to 4 commonly used to assess dyspnea during everyday life in patients with pulmonary disease. Higher values indicating a greater condition of dyspnea.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Breathlessness (mMRC)
Breathlessness will be assessed using the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) which is a self-report scale ranging from 0 to 4 commonly used to assess dyspnea during everyday life in patients with pulmonary disease. Higher values indicating a greater condition of dyspnea.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.
Posttraumatic growth (PTGI)
Post-traumatic growth will be assessed by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), a 21-item scale with possible responses of 0 to 5 assessing positive outcomes after traumatic events. Numerical total score will be obtained and recorded with higher scores indicating a greater degree of change as a result of a crisis.
Time frame: At first assessment, during week 1.
Posttraumatic growth (PTGI)
Post-traumatic growth will be assessed by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), a 21-item scale with possible responses of 0 to 5 assessing positive outcomes after traumatic events. Numerical total score will be obtained and recorded with higher scores indicating a greater degree of change as a result of a crisis.
Time frame: At second assessment, during week 11.
Posttraumatic growth (PTGI)
Post-traumatic growth will be assessed by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), a 21-item scale with possible responses of 0 to 5 assessing positive outcomes after traumatic events. Numerical total score will be obtained and recorded with higher scores indicating a greater degree of change as a result of a crisis.
Time frame: At third assessment, during week 20.