The purpose of this study is to perform a program evaluation of the Navy and Marine Corps' New Parent Support Program (NPSP) home-visiting option. Both the Navy and Marine Corps have decided to pilot the Take Root Home Visitation (TRHV) curriculum, which is an evidence-informed, standardized program, with clients receiving NPSP home visits. This study is designed to examine the implementation and program effectiveness of TRHV compared to services as usual (SAU). Program outcomes include child development, parenting behaviors, child maltreatment risk and protective factors, and child maltreatment incidents. Implementation outcomes include clinicians' and clients' satisfaction with the program, clinicians' fidelity to the program delivery model, and clients' engagement with the program.
The Navy and Marine Corps' NPSP home visiting option assists families who are at risk for child abuse and neglect by providing those families with home visitation by a trained professional (e.g., licensed clinical social worker, nurse). The ultimate goal of NPSP home visiting is to promote strong parenting practices and healthy families by providing parents with skills to foster child development and well-being. Families, expecting a child and with children up to age three, participating in the NPSP home visiting services at select military installations will be recruited for a cluster randomized controlled effectiveness-implementation hybrid Type 2 design program evaluation, which simultaneously tests the implementation and client related outcomes of a program (Curran et al., 2012). Rigorous program evaluations of Navy and Marine Corps NPSP home visiting services are lacking. In fact, only one published study evaluating Navy NPSP could be located (Kelley et al., 2006). While the results of Kelley et al.'s (2006) study were generally positive, it was a single-group retrospective design that did not assess implementation outcomes or program outcomes related to child maltreatment. Thus, that study's ability to inform NPSP home visiting services is limited. Further, findings from past analyses of Army NPSP offered no evidence that NPSP services directly prevent child abuse and neglect (Kaye, Faber, Schiavone, \& Perkins, 2016). Among the general U.S. population, research findings are mixed with regard to the effectiveness of home visiting programs for preventing child maltreatment (Howard \& Brooks-Gunn, 2009; Kaminski, Valle, Filene, \& Boyle, 2008). However, the available evidence does indicate that these programs can positively alter parenting practices. Without a rigorous, experimental evaluation, it is difficult to assess whether the Navy's and Marine Corps' NPSP service as usual (SAU) is having the intended impacts on participating families. Further, the both Services are interested in exploring the utility of delivering the Take Root Home Visitation (TRHV) program. TRHV is a newly developed, evidence-informed, secondary, home-visiting prevention program developed by researchers at the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State in collaboration with the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy. TRHV has not been evaluated within the context of the Navy or Marine Corps. TRHV has been implemented with the Army as part of the Clearinghouse's three-phase evaluation of Army NPSP. Though the final report is still forthcoming, a preliminary report on program implementation showed that home visitors found TRHV to be acceptable and were able to implement the program with fidelity (Kaye et al., 2021). Moreover, parents receiving TRHV reported high levels of satisfaction with the program and stayed in NPSP services longer than parents receiving SAU (Kaye et al., 2021). The extent to which the Army TRHV implementation findings generalize to the Navy and Marine Corps is unclear. Additionally, it is unclear to what extent TRHV will impact program outcomes, especially when compared to SAU. This study is designed to help bring clarity to these issues.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
341
TRHV is a home-visiting, standardized program that home visitors can use to structure their time spent with families during home visits.
SAU includes an installation's current NPSP home visiting practice, which may vary across the installations participating in this study.
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Change in Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAP)
The BCAP is the short form of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), which assesses potential risk for child abuse. Scores range from 0-24 with higher scores indicating greater risk.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-4 months post-baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Child Maltreatment Incident Report
Administrative data will be collected to determine if a child maltreatment incident has occurred.
Time frame: Study completion, which is approximately 12 months post-baseline
Change in Ages & Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3)
ASQ-3 is a standardized measure of child development across five domains: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social. Questionnaires are based on child age (and prematurity status). Scores range from 0-60 within each domain with higher scores reflecting typical development. Raw scores within each domain are classified into typical development, monitoring, and referral categories based upon established cut-off criteria.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-4 months post-baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Change in Parenting Skills Assessment 10th Edition (PSA-10)
PSA-10 is an observational tool designed to measure parenting skills across five domains: communication with child, child management and supervision, parent/child activities, nurturing, and enriched environment. Domain scores range from 5 to 20 with higher scores indicating greater competence in that skill area.
Time frame: Baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Change in Family Needs Screener (FNS)
FNS is a family violence risk screener that assess 10 factors: demographics, stress, relationship discord, support, substance abuse, violence approval, family of origin violence and neglect, self-esteem, depression, and prior family violence. Scores for item scale item are dichotomized and summed such that total scores range from 0 to 53 with a score of 9 or higher being classified as high needs.
Time frame: Baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Change in Protective Factors Survey (PFS)
PFS assesses the presence of factors known to buffer against child maltreatment, such as family functioning, emotional support, concrete support, and nurturing and attachment. Subscale scores range from 1 to 7 with higher scores reflecting greater protection.
Time frame: Baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Change in Parental Stress Scale (PSS)
PSS assesses four aspects of parenting stress: parental rewards, parental stressors, lack of control, and parental satisfaction. Subscale scores can be computed, but most often, a total score, ranging from 18 (low stress) to 90 (high stress), is calculated.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-4 months post-baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Change in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10)
CESD-10 is a brief measure that assesses depressive symptoms over the prior week. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater depression.
Time frame: Baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8)
CSQ-8 measures clients' satisfaction with the services they have received. Scores range from 8 to 32 with higher scores reflecting greater satisfaction.
Time frame: 6-7 months post-baseline and NPSP service or study completion completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Client Engagement Survey (CES)
CES is a measure of clients' engagement with the services they are receiving. Four domains of engagement are assessed: receptivity (score range: 4 to 20), buy-in (score range: 9 to 40), working relationship (score range: 4 to 20), and mistrust (score range: 3 to 15). The total engagement score ranges from 20 to 95 with higher scores reflecting greater engagement.
Time frame: 3-4 months post-baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS)
EBPAS assesses providers' attitudes regarding the adoption of new treatments, interventions, and practices. Four domains are measured: requirements, appeal, openness, and divergence. Subscale scores and the total score are calculated by averaging the appropriate items, so scores range from 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating more of the construct of interest.
Time frame: Baseline
Treatment Fidelity
Brief checklists will be used to assess NPSP home visitors' adherence to the program model.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-4 months post-baseline, 6-7 months post-baseline, and NPSP service or study completion (whichever occurs first - study completion is approximately 12 months post-baseline)
Program Reach
Family Advocacy Program (FAP) managers will be asked to provide the percentage of eligible families who received TRHV and SAU.
Time frame: Study completion, which is approximately 12 months post-baseline
Program Penetration
FAP managers will be asked to provide the percentage of eligible home visitors who delivered TRHV and SAU.
Time frame: Study completion, which is approximately 12 months post-baseline
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