This study has four objectives about healthy younger and older adults during immersive virtual reality bicycling: Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for younger healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for older healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity Compare younger and older during visual feedback and competition bicycling in terms of: user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity Determine if attention differs in visual feedback bicycling compared to competition bicycling for younger and older healthy adults
Participants will attend one session lasting about 1.5 hours. They will complete a competitiveness assessment and a questionnaire about physical activity. They will then exercise in three different virtual reality augmented bicycling conditions while wearing a head mounted display (goggles). Each of the three conditions will last approximately 5 minutes and will be followed by questionnaires about the participant's experience.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
50
This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session (see arm/group description).
Rutgers School of Health Professions
Newark, New Jersey, United States
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Feedback
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Self-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Other-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute feedback bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute self-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute other-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Feedback
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Self-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Other-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Feedback
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Self-Competition
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Other-Competition
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the endpoint (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
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Time frame: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 -Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory)
Measured once using the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory consisting of 12 items from 4 subscales (hyper competitive, self-developmental, anxious, lack of interest) For each subscale, mean scores range from 1-6 with higher scores representing higher levels of that subscale metric.
Time frame: Session 1 - Collected once at start of session
Ranking of Perceived Effort
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked in which of the 3 bicycling conditions they felt they worked the hardest. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the hardest and a 3 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the least hard.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Ranking of Enjoyment
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked which of the 3 bicycling conditions they liked the best. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition they liked the best and a 3 indicating the condition they liked the least.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Audio recordings of exercise experience
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked about their exercise experience. Their responses will be audio recorded to be coded and analyzed qualitatively for themes.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition