In this prospective controlled trial, we aim to determine whether superselective adrenal artery embolization is superior to medical treatment for patients with PA who refuse surgery for medication. Patients age 18 to 75 years with hypertension will be screened for the presence of PA according to Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Patients with confirmed PA are counseled on the treatment option, including adrenalectomy. Those who opt to enroll in the study choice either SAAE or spironolactone (20-60mg daily) therapy (medical group). In both groups, if office blood pressure exceeds 140/90mmHg, amlodipine and terazosin will sequentially be added to the initial therapy form month 1 to year 3. The primary endpoint is the change in blood pressure, and the secondary end point is the change in biochemical outcomes. The Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome criteria are used to classify clinical and biochemical outcomes as complete, partial, or absent success.
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the main cause of secondary hypertension, affecting 5%-15% of the general hypertensive population. Early diagnosis and treatment are of crucial importance because patients with PA are more susceptible to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than primary hypertensive patients. Traditional treatments such as medication with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and adrenalectomy have some limitations. Over the past decade, superselective adrenal artery embolization (SAAE) has been used to treat PA, but their efficacies have not been compared with medication-controlled studies. Recent study found that SAAE is an effective and safe treatment for patients with PA. In this prospective controlled trial, we aim to determine whether this procedure is superior to medical treatment for patients with PA who refuse surgery for medication. Patients age 18 to 75 years with hypertension will be screened for the presence of PA according to Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Adrenal computed tomography will be performed in all patients. Patients willing to participate in the study also will undergo adrenal venous sampling (AVS) Serum aldosterone and renin levels are measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Patients with confirmed PA are counseled on the treatment option, including adrenalectomy. Those who opt to enroll in the study choice either SAAE or spironolactone (20-60mg daily) therapy (medical group). In both groups, if office blood pressure exceeds 140/90mmHg, amlodipine and terazosin will sequentially be added to the initial therapy form month 1 to year 3. The primary endpoint is the change in blood pressure, and the secondary end point is the change in biochemical outcomes. The Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome Criteria are used to classify clinical and biochemical outcomes as complete, partial, or absent success.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
400
Yaqiong Zhou
Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Clinical outcomes-Change from Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure
Complete clinical success is defined as normotension without the aid of antihypertensive medication. Partial clinical success is defined as the same blood pressure as before treatment with less antihypertensive medication or a reduction in blood pressure with either the same amount or less antihypertensive medication. Absent clinical success is defined as unchanged or increased blood pressure with either the same amount or an increase in antihypertensive medication
Time frame: at 12 months
Clinical outcomes-Change from Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure
Complete clinical success is defined as normotension without the aid of antihypertensive medication. Partial clinical success is defined as the same blood pressure as before treatment with less antihypertensive medication or a reduction in blood pressure with either the same amount or less antihypertensive medication. Absent clinical success is defined as unchanged or increased blood pressure with either the same amount or an increase in antihypertensive medication
Time frame: at 24 months
Clinical outcomes-Change from Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure
Complete clinical success is defined as normotension without the aid of antihypertensive medication. Partial clinical success is defined as the same blood pressure as before treatment with less antihypertensive medication or a reduction in blood pressure with either the same amount or less antihypertensive medication. Absent clinical success is defined as unchanged or increased blood pressure with either the same amount or an increase in antihypertensive medication
Time frame: at 36 months
biochemical outcomes-Change from Baseline hypokalaemia and the aldosterone/plasma renin
Complete biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pretreatment) and normalization of the aldosterone/plasma renin(ARR); in patients with a raised ARR after treatment, aldosterone secretion should be suppressed in a confirmatory test. Partial biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) and a raised ARR with one or both of the following (compared with pre-treatment): ≥50% decrease in baseline plasma aldosterone concentration; or abnormal but improved post-treatment confirmatory test result. Absent biochemical success is defined as persistent hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) or persistent raised ARR, or both, with failure to suppress aldosterone secretion with a post-treatment confirmatory test
Time frame: at 12 months
biochemical outcomes-Change from Baseline hypokalaemia and the aldosterone/plasma renin
Complete biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pretreatment) and normalization of the aldosterone/plasma renin(ARR); in patients with a raised ARR after treatment, aldosterone secretion should be suppressed in a confirmatory test. Partial biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) and a raised ARR with one or both of the following (compared with pre-treatment): ≥50% decrease in baseline plasma aldosterone concentration; or abnormal but improved post-treatment confirmatory test result. Absent biochemical success is defined as persistent hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) or persistent raised ARR, or both, with failure to suppress aldosterone secretion with a post-treatment confirmatory test
Time frame: at 24 months
biochemical outcomes-Change from Baseline hypokalaemia and the aldosterone/plasma renin
Complete biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pretreatment) and normalization of the aldosterone/plasma renin(ARR); in patients with a raised ARR after treatment, aldosterone secretion should be suppressed in a confirmatory test. Partial biochemical success is defined as correction of hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) and a raised ARR with one or both of the following (compared with pre-treatment): ≥50% decrease in baseline plasma aldosterone concentration; or abnormal but improved post-treatment confirmatory test result. Absent biochemical success is defined as persistent hypokalaemia (if present pre-treatment) or persistent raised ARR, or both, with failure to suppress aldosterone secretion with a post-treatment confirmatory test
Time frame: at 36 months
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