The main objective of this clinical trial is to study the effects of orally administered ketone drinks containing the ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), just before a meal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moreover the investigators will compare the effects of two different ketone drinks. The hypothesis is: 3-OHB as a pre-meal may: * Lower postprandial blood glucose and lipids. * Mediate release of intestinal hormones and affect gastric emptying. * Affect appetite and other subjective measures related to food intake. The effects of 3-OHB as a pre-meal will be investigated by blood samples, isotopic tracers examinations, paracetamol test, questionnaires and meal test.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
14
Orally administered pre-meal drinks.
Medical research laboratory, Department of endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital
Aarhus, Denmark
Postprandial P-glucose
Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for P-glucose.
Time frame: 3 hours
Postprandial free fatty acids (FFA)
Blood samples
Time frame: 3 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Lipolysis rate
Measures of palmitate flux (palmitate tracer)
Time frame: 3 hours
Glucose kinetics
Glucose tracer examinations
Time frame: 3 hours
Gastric emptying
Paracetamol test
Time frame: 3 hours
Differences in hunger/satiety
Questionnaire for quantifying hunger/satiety on a VAS scale from 1-10
Time frame: 4 hours
Differences in actual hunger
Ad libitum meal test
Time frame: 30 minutes
Differences in circulating concentrations of insulin
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of glucagon
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of c-peptide
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of ghrelin
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of cholecystokinin
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
Differences in circulating concentrations of gastrin
Blood samples
Time frame: 3,5 hours
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