Validation of a Digital Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite Measurement

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy adults 18-70 years. * Body mass index 20-29.9 kg/m² (based on self-reported weight and height). * Understand the study procedures. * Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity pattern, and body weight throughout the trial. * Willing to follow study procedures on test days. * Willing to abstain from strenuous exercise, consuming alcoholic drinks 24 hours before the test day. * Willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or lactating women, or women who are planning to become pregnant during the study * Known food allergies, sensitivity, or intolerance to any food or food ingredients * Participating in another clinical trial for food, investigational drug, nutritional supplement, or lifestyle modification * Taking medications that affect appetite, metabolism, or blood pressure * Presence of acute diseases or infection * Presence or history of chronic diseases * Diagnosed with eating disorders * Restraint eaters * Lost or gained 5 pounds or more in the past 3 months * On a weight-loss diet, or undergoing intermittent fasting * COVID-19 infection in the past 3 months.