The present study aims at analyzing the dose-response effects of a recreational team handball-based exercise programme on cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal and physical fitness markers of inactive middle-aged and older men, without previous experience with the sport. The researchers hypothesized a positive weekly training frequency effect on health and physical fitness outcomes.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
68
All training sessions consisted of a standardized 15-min warm-up (running, coordination, strength, flexibility and balance exercises), followed by 3x15-min periods of recreational team handball matches interspersed by 2-min breaks, performed in an indoor team handball court. The matches were played as small and formal game formats (4v4, 5v5, 6v6 or 7v7).
Univerisity of Maia
Maia, Porto District, Portugal
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in maximal oxygen uptake
Maximal oxygen uptake (mL/min/kg) was measured by pulmonary gas exchange measurements. The participants performed an incremental treadmill test until voluntary exhaustion in a laboratory, according to a standardized incremental protocol.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in resting heart rate
Resting heart rate (bpm) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body mass
Whole-body mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
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Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm total mass
Left arm total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm total mass
Right arm total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg total mass
Left leg total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg total mass
Right leg total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in gynoid total mass
Gynoid total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in android total mass
Android total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body fat mass
Whole-body fat mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm fat mass
Left arm fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm fat mass
Right arm fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg fat mass
Left leg fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg fat mass
Right leg fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in gynoid fat mass
Gynoid fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in android fat mass
Android fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body lean mass
Whole-body lean mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm lean mass
Left arm lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm lean mass
Right arm lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg lean mass
Left leg lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg lean mass
Right leg lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body bone mineral density
Whole-body bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body bone mineral content
Whole-body bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in lumbar spine bone mineral density
Lumbar spine bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in lumbar spine bone mineral content
Lumbar spine bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in femur bone mineral density
Femur bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in femur bone mineral content
Femur bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in procollagen type-1 amino-terminal propeptide
Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in osteocalcin
Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in carboxy-terminal type-1 collagen crosslinks
Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in sclerostin
Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in isometric upper body strength
Isometric upper body strength was measured by a handgrip dynamometer (kg).
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in postural balance
Postural balance was evaluated by the number of falls in a single-legged flamingo balance test.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in upper and lower body strength, and coordination
Upper and lower body strength (N), and coordination (s) tests were measured according to Rikili and Jones ( 2013) standardized protocols.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in aerobic performance
Aerobic performance (Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 test; YYIE1) (m) was evaluated on an indoor team handball court, acording to a standardized protocol.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in total cholesterol
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in triglycerides
Triglycerides (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glycosylated haemoglobin
Glycosylated haemoglobin (%) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glucose
Glucose (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in insulin
Fasting blood insulin (µmol/L) was determined was determined by an automated analyzer.
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in total antioxidant status
Total antioxidant status (TAS) (mmol/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA)
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase (GR) (U/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA)
Time frame: Baseline and week 16
Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (U/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA)
Time frame: Baseline and week 16