The goal of this project is to understand the combined effects of fish oil and exercise in obesity-associated inflammation. The investigators hypothesize that fish oil will improve gut bacteria profiles, which will in turn potentiate the benefits of an exercise program and improve energy utilization and reduce inflammation and metabolic risk.
Incidence of obesity continues to increase in the United States and worldwide, making its prevention or reduction a public health priority. Nutrition research that can lead to effective prevention strategies is greatly needed. Inflammation is a major underlying cause for obesity, and it is imperative to understand how anti-inflammatory food sources, such as fish oil, could aid in reducing obesity. Moreover, exercise is effective at reducing systemic inflammation and improving insulin resistance. Both exercise and diet can influence health through changes in the gut microbiome; however, no studies have investigated how together these affect gut microbiome and overall metabolic health. The goal is to understand the combined effects of fish oil and exercise in obesity-associated inflammation. The investigators hypothesize that fish oil will improve gut bacteria profiles, which will in turn potentiate the benefits of an exercise program and improve energy utilization and reduce inflammation and metabolic risk. These studies will provide the foundation for development of novel strategies for obesity, inflammation, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia. The first aim of this study will focus on determining the combined effects of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on improving metabolic risks such as obesity-related markers of inflammation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The investigators will test the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA, in addition to HIIT, will have beneficial effects on energy utilization, as well as obesity-related markers of inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Aim 2.1: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on body weight and composition Aim 2.2: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on serum markers associated with obesity Aim 2.3: Investigate influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on energy utilization/ markers of insulin resistance The second aim is to determine the combined effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on improving gut dysbiosis. The investigators will test the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA supplementation will improve gut microbiota composition and related metabolites, which will result in reduced inflammation and ameliorate the metabolic response to a HIIT exercise intervention in an overweight population. Aim 1.1: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and exercise on gut microbiota composition Aim 1.2: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and exercise on microbiota produced metabolites Participants will be randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 120), each balanced for sex, BMI, lipid profile, and dietary intake. The goal is to conduct the study in smaller cohorts, such as 10-15 participants/group (n = 40-60). Participants will first be allocated to two groups: One group will take 4 grams n-3 PUFA (AlaskOmega®) per day (3000 mg EPA and 1000 mg DHA) and one group will take placebo (safflower oil, AlaskOmega®, from Organic Technologies Inc.) for 4 weeks of initial supplementation. Following this, one group from the treatment and one from the placebo group (creating 4 groups: (1) placebo + low-intensity training (LIT); (2) n-3 PUFA + LIT; (3) placebo + HIIT; (4) n-3 PUFA + HIIT) will also participate in a 4 x 4 HIIT exercise (4 intervals for 4 min at 85-95% HRmax with 3min active recovery at 50-70% HRmax) program utilizing cycle ergometers on 3 days/week conducted in the research lab and under investigator supervision for 4 weeks while continuing supplementation. If not asked to exercise, participants will be instructed to maintain their normal level of physical activity but will participate in a time-matched session of low-intensity training (50% HRmax) on 3 days/week conducted in the research lab and under investigator supervision. All participants will wear a heart rate monitor (Polar H10) provided by TTU throughout the training (HIIT and LIT) to monitor exertion level. Capsules will be administered in a double-blind fashion and will be identical in appearance. Participants will visit the clinic to pick up capsules. To ensure compliance, subjects will be reminded via phone (text message or phone call based on participant preference) to take their capsules and counts will be conducted when they come in for study visits. As with any acute metabolic or physiological improvements, beneficial effects of exercise on bacterial taxa and resultant metabolite production are quickly reversed with detraining. Thus, it is of interest to determine if fish consumption can ameliorate the negative metabolic and gut effects of detraining. At the end of the 4-week intervention (week 8), participants will cease engaging in HIIT or LIT for a 2-week detraining period. Participants will continue taking their assigned supplements.
4 grams n-3 PUFA (AlaskOmega®) per day (3000 mg EPA and 1000 mg DHA)
A 4 x 4 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise program 3 days/week for 4 weeks. This will include a 3 min warm up at 15% watt max followed by 4 intervals for 4 min at 65% watt max with 3 min active recovery at 15% watt max.
4 grams safflower oil (AlaskOmega®) per day
Texas Tech Kinesiology Building
Lubbock, Texas, United States
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at 4 weeks
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-6 at 4 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-10 at 4 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 4 weeks
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Tumor necrosis factor at 4 weeks
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Cholesterol at 4 weeks
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in High-density lipoprotein (HDL)at 4 weeks
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) at 4 weeks
Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
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Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
129
A low-intensity training exercise program 3 days/week for 4 weeks. This will include consistently cycling at 50% HRmax for 30 min.
Mean Change from Baseline in Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 4 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 4 weeks
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Triglycerides at 4 weeks
Triglycerides (mg/dL).
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Total/HDL cholesterol at 4 weeks
Total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Fasting blood glucose at 4 weeks
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Insulin at 4 weeks
Insulin (μU/mL)
Time frame: Post-supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Body Fat Percentage at 4 weeks
Total Body Fat Percentage (%BF): The percent of the body that is composed of fat. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Body Weight at 4 weeks
Body weight (kilograms)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage at 4 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage (%SMM): The percent of the body that is composed of skeletal muscle. Like %BF, this number is relative to total mass.
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at 8 weeks
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 8 weeks
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-6 at 8 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-10 at 8 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at 8 weeks
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Cholesterol at 8 weeks
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 8 weeks
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) at 8 weeks
Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 8 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 8 weeks
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Triglycerides at 8 weeks
Triglycerides (mg/dL).
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in total/HDL cholesterol at 8 weeks
Total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Fasting blood glucose at 8 weeks
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 8 weeks
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Following ingestion of 75 g oral glucose, blood samples will be drawn every 5-10 minutes for the first 30 minutes then every 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes.
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Insulin at 8 weeks
Insulin (μU/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Body Weight at 8 weeks
Body weight (kilograms)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Body Fat Percentage at 8 weeks
Total Body Fat Percentage (%BF): The percent of the body that is composed of fat. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage at 8 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage (%SMM): The percent of the body that is composed of skeletal muscle. Like %BF, this number is relative to total mass.
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at 10 weeks
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-6 at 10 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Interleukin (IL)-10 at 10 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at 10 weeks
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 weeks
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Cholesterol at 10 weeks
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 10 weeks
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) at 10 weeks
Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 10 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)(mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 10 weeks
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Total/HDL cholesterol at 10 weeks
Total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Triglycerides at 10 weeks
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Insulin at 10 weeks
Insulin (μU/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Fasting blood glucose at 10 weeks
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage at 10 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage (%SMM): The percent of the body that is composed of skeletal muscle. Like %BF, this number is relative to total mass.
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Body weight at 10 weeks
Body weight (kilograms)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Total Body Fat Percentage at 10 weeks
Total Body Fat Percentage (%BF): The percent of the body that is composed of fat. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at 8 weeks
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Interleukin (IL)-6 at 8 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Interleukin (IL)-10 at 8 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 8 weeks
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at 8 weeks
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Total Cholesterol at 8 weeks
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Total/HDL cholesterol at 8 weeks
Total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 8 weeks
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) at 8 weeks
Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 8 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 8 weeks
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Triglycerides at 8 weeks
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Insulin at 8 weeks
Insulin (μU/mL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Fasting blood glucose at 8 weeks
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Body weight at 8 weeks
Body weight (kilograms)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Total Body Fat Percentage at 8 weeks
Total Body Fat Percentage (%BF): The percent of the body that is composed of fat. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at 10 weeks
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) at 10 weeks
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Interleukin (IL)-6 at 10 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Interleukin (IL)-10 at 10 weeks
Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 at 10 weeks
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; pg/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Total Cholesterol at 10 weeks
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 10 weeks
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) at 10 weeks
Non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 10 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 10 weeks
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Total/HDL cholesterol at 10 weeks
Total/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Triglycerides at 10 weeks
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Insulin at 10 weeks
Insulin (μU/mL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Fasting blood glucose at 10 weeks
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Body weight at 10 weeks
Body weight (kilograms)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Total Body Fat Percentage at 10 weeks
Total Body Fat Percentage (%BF): The percent of the body that is composed of fat. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage at 10 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Mass Percentage (%SMM): The percent of the body that is composed of skeletal muscle. Like %BF, this number is relative to total mass.
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Bacterial Profile at 4 weeks
Fecal Microbial DNA (16s Sequencing)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum Acetate Profile at 4 weeks
Serum Acetate (SCFA: gas chromatography analysis)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Fecal acetate Profile at 4 weeks
Fecal acetate (SCFA: in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Propionate Profile at 4 weeks
Propionate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Butyrate Profile at 4 weeks
Butyrate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides at 4 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS, ng/ml)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein at 4 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein (LBP, pg/ml)
Time frame: Post-Supplementation at week 4
Mean Change from Baseline in Bacterial Profile at 8 weeks
Fecal Microbial DNA (16s Sequencing)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum Acetate Profile at 8 weeks
Serum Acetate (SCFA: gas chromatography analysis)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Fecal acetate Profile at 8 weeks
Fecal acetate (SCFA: in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Propionate Profile at 8 weeks
Propionate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Butyrate Profile at 8 weeks
Butyrate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides at 8 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS, ng/ml)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein at 8 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein (LBP, pg/ml)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Baseline in Serum Acetate Profile at 10 weeks
Serum Acetate (SCFA: gas chromatography analysis)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Fecal acetate Profile at 10 weeks
Fecal acetate (SCFA: in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Bacterial Profile at 10 weeks
Fecal Microbial DNA (16s Sequencing)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Propionate Profile at 10 weeks
Propionate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Butyrate Profile at 10 weeks
Butyrate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides at 10 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS, ng/ml)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Baseline in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein at 10 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein (LBP, pg/ml)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Bacterial Profile at 8 weeks
Fecal Microbial DNA (16s Sequencing)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Serum Acetate Profile at 8 weeks
Serum Acetate (SCFA: gas chromatography analysis)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Fecal acetate Profile at 8 weeks
Fecal acetate (SCFA: in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Propionate Profile at 8 weeks
Propionate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Butyrate Profile at 8 weeks
Butyrate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides at 8 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS, ng/ml)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Supplementation in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein at 8 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein (LBP, pg/ml)
Time frame: Post-Intervention at week 8
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Bacterial Profile at 10 weeks
Fecal Microbial DNA (16s Sequencing)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Serum Acetate Profile at 10 weeks
Serum Acetate (SCFA: gas chromatography analysis)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Fecal acetate Profile at 10 weeks
Fecal acetate (SCFA: in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Propionate Profile at 10 weeks
Propionate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Butyrate Profile at 10 weeks
Butyrate (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS))
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides at 10 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS, ng/ml)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10
Mean Change from Post-Intervention in Markers of Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein at 10 weeks
Serum lipopolysaccharides-binding protein (LBP, pg/ml)
Time frame: Post-Detraining at week 10